HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology BULLETIN MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE VOL. IV. TEXT. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. 1878. Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION New York 1967 Printed in U.S.A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, CAMBRIDGE, Mass. Vol. IV. THE TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS UNITED STATES AND THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES OF NORTH AMERICA. DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED By W. G. BINNEY. VOL. V. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY, university press. July, 1878. PREFACE. Although this work forms a fifth volume to the " Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States," * I have endeavored to make it a complete manual of the subject. With this view, I have compiled from the writings of my father, my friend Mr. Bland, myself, and other authors all their more important portions, not only of descriptions and figures of species, but of all that relates to the Habits of the Animals, their Geographical Distribution, their Jaw and Lingual Membrane, their Anatomy, and their Classification. I devote no space to Bibliography, referring to my gen- eral work on that subject published by the Smithsonian Institution. In the descriptive portion it will be seen that I have usually adopted the descriptions of genera and subgenera of Albers and Von Martens. From the same authors I have also usually adopted the generic and sub- generic names, without inquiry into their precedence, having neither time nor inclination to attempt myself to disentangle the confused synonymy. In the synonymy of the species I have quoted only authors giving an original description or an original figure. I have personally consulted all the references, unless otherwise specified. The subject is brought down to January, 1878. The plates of Vol. III. are reproduced. Those of Vols. I. and IV. I regret not being also able to give. In the references to plates in the text it must be remembered * The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and the adjacent Territories of North America : described and illustrated by Amos Binney. Edited by Augustus A. Gould. Boston, Charles C. Little and James Brown. Vols. I., II., MDCCCLI. ; Vol. III., Plates, MDCCCLVII. ; Vol. IV. by W. G. Binney, New York, B. Westermann, MDCCCLIX., from Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VII. iy PREFACE. that figures of shells are included in the copperplates of Vol. III., while those of genitalia and lingual dentition are to be found exclusively in the lithographic plates now first offered. Thus there is a double system of plates. In addition to those mentioned in the first and fourth volumes, I am indebted for assistance in the preparation of this to Dr. J. G. Cooper, Haywood, Alameda County, Cal. ; Miss Annie M. Law, Philadelphia, Tenn. ; Mr. W. G. Mazyck, Charleston, S. C. ; Prof. A. G. Wetherby, Cin- cinnati, 0. ; Mr. 0. B. Johnson, Forest Grove, Or. ; Mr. Henry Hemphill, San Diego, Cal. ; Mr. Sam. Powell, Newport, ft. I. ; Mr. G. W. Tryon, Philadelphia, Penn. ; Mr. F. Stein, Mt. Carmel, 111. ; Mr. H. S. Crooke, N. Y. ; Mr. A. T. E. Lansing, Watertown, N. Y. ; Mr. ft. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. ; Dr. W. H. Dall, Washington, D. C. ; Mr. W. W. Calkins, Chicago, 111. ; Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, London ; Mr. R. M. Byrnes, Cincinnati, 0. ; Mr. Anson Allen, Orono, Me. ; Mr. A. W. Crawford, Oakland, Cal. ; Mr. Arthur F. Gray, Danversport, Mass. ; Mr. Charles Dury, Cincinnati, 0. ; Dr. C. A. Millar, Cincinnati, 0. ; Mr J. T. Crans, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Miss Lizzie Taylor, St. Paul, Minn.; Dr. L. G. Yates, California ; Mr. J. Matthew Jones, Halifax, N. S. ; Mr. E. Ingersoll, Jersey City, N. J. ; Mr. W. G. W. Harford, San Francisco, Cal. ; Dr. J. B. Elliott, Sewanee, Tenn. To Mr. Bland I am indebted for a continuation of the kindness which has so greatly aided me during more than twenty years. W. G. BINNEY. Burlington, N. J., June, 1878. CONTENTS. Page Preface iii I. Habits and Faculties 1 II. Geographical Distribution 17 III. Jaw and Lingual Membrane 41 IV. Special Anatomy 53 V. Classification 76 VI. Systematic Index 77 VII. Descriptions 80 VIII. Supplement . 432 IX. Index 433 X. Explanation of Plates of Vol. Ill 441 XI. Explanation of Plates of Vol. V. . . 445 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS OF THE UNITED STATES. I. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 1 The animals of this order, indigenous to the United States, are essen- tially inhabitants of the forest. It is there, under the deep shadows of a dense foliage, where the sun's rays hardly penetrate to the surface of the earth, and where the ground is covered with the mouldering trunks of trees and thick layers of decaying leaves, that they find a constant moisture, a twilight interrupted only by darkness, abundance of vegeta- ble and animal food, and the means of shelter and protection. These constitute a combination of circumstances very favorable to their in- crease, and hence they may be discovered, in situations where these con- ditions exist, in every part of the country where they can be found at all. But when, with these, are conjoined a mild climate and a calcareous soil, the maximum of favoring influences is reached, and large numbers are produced. It is in the great valley of the Mississippi, based through- out nearly its whole extent upon horizontal limestone formations, that these combined causes operate over an extensive region, and there, con- sequently, the species proper to it exist in multitudes. In the parts of the country which have been long cultivated, and are nearly deprived of their forests, they have mostly disappeared, and only survive in places where some shelter of wood or stones is still afforded to them. They everywhere avoid cultivated fields and open pastures, and are never found in gardens, 2 or about or within houses or other buildings, 1 I have reproduced Chapter X. of Vol. I., adding to and modifying it in several par- ticulars when required by my more recent experience and investigations. 2 I have in the text already modified this assertion of my father. The instance he gives in his note of "an exception to this remark in Helix fallax, Say (= Hopetonensis), which we observed a few years since living in great numbers in gardens in Charleston, S. C, in company with Bulimics decollatus," is by no means single. In every country town and even city some species is sure to be found numerous in gardens and especially in cemeteries, and once having gained a foothold bids fair to retain it. In Burlington, N. J. VOL. IV. 1 2 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. excepting in cases where specimens have been accidentally introduced and remaining undisturbed have multiplied into a colony. In this re- spect they present a remarkable contrast to some of the same animals in Europe, which not only are very common in open and cultivated tracts, but are particularly numerous in fields and gardens, where some of the species commit much mischief, and in cellars, drains, and other similar situations, in immediate contiguity with man. The species which have been introduced from Europe, and naturalized in this country, are dis- tinguished by the same habits as the stock from which they are derived, and differ as much from the native species. Thus, Tachea hortensis lives in open and exposed situations destitute of shelter, except that afforded by grass and shrubs ; Zonites cellarius occupies gardens and cellars ; Limax flavus inhabits cellars and damp places about drains ; and L. agrestis is common everywhere in gardens, fields, cellars, nnd houses. It infests the roadside, and the neighborhood of our dwellings, and has in some places become the pest of the horticulturist. Whether this difference of habitat arises from original constitution, or is the consequence of the long-continued operation of external causes, is a curious subject of inquiry. The preference for the forest over the open country exhibited by the native species, even in situations where both have been for a long time equally accessible to them, seems to indicate that the former supposition is correct ; and this opinion is strengthened by the disappearance of nearly every species with the progress of agri- culture. If their habits were not insuperable, they might be expected to have been somewhat modified ere now, and to have become adapted to the new physical conditions to which they are subjected. That they have not been, suggests the thought that, like the aboriginal race of men, and some of the larger quadrupeds, they are destined to give way before the advance of civilization, and to have their places filled by for- eign species. On the other hand, there are some facts which tend to show that accidental causes may have produced a slow and gradual rev- olution in the habits of the European species, corresponding with the changes, which, within the historical period, have taken place over the surface of the greater part of Europe ; and that in process of time the same influences will produce similar results on the habits of the North American species. All those parts of Europe which are now the most the most common species is Patula altcrnata, Zmiitrs arboreus, and Limax campestris. Iu Savannah it is Triodopsisappressa ; in Norfolk, Va., it is Mesoclow. albolabris ; in Macon. Ga., it is M. major. The original introduction was no doubt accidental. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 6 populous were covered with forests at no very distant period, and all tlie terrestrial mollusks were then, like ours at the present time, living in the forest. The progress of agriculture there was very slow com- pared with its advances in this country, and thus time was given to the animals to accustom themselves to the change ; and they have thus, by slow degrees, adopted their present habits. 1 In the United States the advance of agriculture in newly settled parts is very rapid ; large tracts of forest are almost simultaneously subjected to the axe and to fire, and a very few years produce an entire change in the vegetation of a whole section. Consequently these animals are at once exterminated, or the few that survive are brought suddenly under the influences of new cir- cumstances, which, from the abruptness of the change, are fatal to them, but which, if imposed upon them more gradually, might have been sustained. A few spots and some limited tracts of land, remaining unchanged in the midst of cultivation, protect some individuals of every species ; and it is from this comparatively small number, thus preserved, that their subsequent increase is derived. But at this period the field is equally open for the multiplication of those foreign species which accompany man as for the native species, and it is not surprising that the former, whose habits are already adapted to the existing state of things, should increase more rapidly than the latter. The native species, however, become gradually familiarized with the circumstances around them, and some few of them advance, and after a time establish them- selves in the open country, where they seek such shelter as they can find. This transition is very slow, but there are sufficient indications, in the exceptions which are found to the general habits of the species in this particular, to show that it is going on ; and therefore it is reason- able to believe that when a period shall have elapsed as long as that since the south and west of Europe were covered with forests, our species will have become able to sustain themselves in the open country, and will have spread themselves in great numbers over those populous parts where they are now wanting. The power of adaptation to new circum- stances, which is a prominent quality of nearly all the shell-bearing species of this order, and which, combined with a remarkable tenacity of life, enables them to resist successfully the many dangers to which they are exposed, is illustrated in the extremes of their mode of life on the two 1 I am not able to state whether the European snails are, as a class, similar in their habits to Tachea hortensis, or whether many of them may not be restricted to the forests, as ours are. 4 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. continents. We know of no other instances of animals living in a natural condition, not domesticated nor accompanying man, where the same diversity of habitat in analogous species exists. The presumption of changes which shall approximate the habits of both, in proportion as the physical circumstances of both approach each other, is therefore not a violent one. But it is by no means certain that all the species will survive the violent change to which they are at first exposed. Those of them which are in a state of decline and nearly run out, and those which are strictly local in their habitats, will be least able to sustain themselves, and their entire extinction will be very likely to follow. All the species are nocturnal or semi-nocturnal in their habits. In the daytime they seek such shelter as may be at hand, and retreat into dark holes and crevices, or hide themselves under the fallen trunks of trees, fragments of wood, leaves, and stones, or bury themselves wholly or partially in the earth. There they remain inactive until evening twilight, when, except in seasons of drought, they sally forth in num- bers ; and in favorable situations, such as ravines and low places in the forest, may be seen crawling over the surface of the ground, and some- times climbing the stalks of plants and the trunks of trees. They are probably active during the whole night, in which time they all seek their food, and those species which are noxious to man commit their depredations in the garden and orchard. At this time, too, their sexual meetings take place. Soon after daylight they retire to their retreats, and remain very close until night approaches again. They also come forth when the atmosphere is charged with moisture, and after light showers. There is a difference in the places of their retreat. The naked genera are oftenest found attached to the lower surface of wood and stones lying in contact with the ground, or to the damp walls of cellars, and, in the forest, concealed under logs. So soon as, from the increased dry- ness of the atmosphere, these places no longer retain moisture, they abandon them for others, and in seasons of drought they penetrate deeply into the earth. The shell-bearing genera, in the forest, are observed under prostrate timber, to the lower surface and crevices of which they adhere by a mucous attachment during the day, in hollows under the roots of trees, and under the layer of decaying leaves which cover the ground. In situations where such places of shelter are not found, they half bury themselves in the soil, at the roots and under the shade of thick tufts of plants. Numbers frequently resort to the same HABITS AND FACULTIES. 5 retreat, but this in the shell-bearing generar seems a mere matter of accident, while in the introduced species of Limaces it appears to indi- cate a gregarious habit, as they prefer to crowd together and lie in close contact with and upon each other. 1 These last are said by some to occupy permanently the same retreat, but the assertion is probably incorrect. They often, and perhaps generally, remain in the immediate vicinity of the place where they procure their food, and hence they often resort to the same place of shelter ; and as many of them have fre- quently been observed in the same place, they have been thought to be the same individuals. But when one set of individuals is destroyed, another soon takes their place, and whenever a new shelter is provided, by the accidental presence of fragments of wood in suitable situations, it is immediately resorted to by them. The native genus Tebennojihorus is in no manner gregarious ; it lives in the forest, mostly buried in decaying and rotten wood, and no more than two are usually found together. In cloudy weather, when the atmosphere is charged with moisture, and during light showers, all the species come forth in the daytime ; but on a change of weather immediately return again, and during rains remain in their retreats. Long-continued or excessive rains, however, inundate their hiding-places, drive them out, and force them to resort to trees. We have seen, in a preceding part of this work, 2 how numerous are the agencies which are continually tending to destroy the lives of indi- viduals, and to exterminate whole species. Being all of them slow in their motions, without means of escape from enemies, destitute of instru- ments of offence or of defence, and some of them unprovided with a cov- ering, it would seem as if their existence must be very precarious, and that they must be easy victims to the unfavorable circumstances around them. Such would be the case undoubtedly, and these causes would interfere with the diffusion of species and derange their distribution in a greater degree than they actually do, if there were not counteracting properties in the animals themselves which modify and limit the destruc- tive tendency. These conservative properties are, their prolific gener- ative capacity, their insensibility to pain, their extreme tenacity of life, and their extraordinary power of reproducing important organs which have been cut off or destroyed by accident. 1 The promiscuous mingling of individuals of Limax agrestis and Limax variegatus in their respective retreats has often reminded us of the familiar positions in which swine place themselves for sleep. 2 See I. 132 et teq. TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The number of eggs produced varies in the genera and species in the same proportion as the dangers to which they are exposed are greater or less. Thus, in the naked genera, whose means of protection and whose chances of preservation are much less than of those protected by an external shell, the number is much greater than in the latter. The number of eggs produced by two individuals of Limax agrestis kept in confinement by Dr. Leach was, in the course of rather more than a year, seven hundred and eighty-six. It usually amounts to at least three hundred per annum. The other species, though not equally prolific, multiply greatly ; and each pair of the various shell-bearing species pro- duces, annually, from thirty to one hundred eggs, and perhaps more. The young of the Limaces complete their growth and reproduce their kind sometimes within the year of their birth, and always as soon as the second year ; and the species of the other families are believed not to require a much longer time to attain maturity. This rapid increase replaces the numbers annually destroyed, and maintains the species in their relative importance. Their extreme tenacity of life is manifested in every stage of growth, from the egg to the mature animal. The eggs of Limax have been so entirely desiccated that their form has disappeared, and there remained only a thin skin, friable between the fingers. In this condition they have been kept for years ; and yet a single hour's exposure to humidity was sufficient to restore their form and elasticity. 1 They have been dried in a furnace eight successive times, until they were reduced to an almost invisible minuteness, yet in every interval have regained their original bulk in a moist situation. 2 In all these instances the young have been developed in the same manner as in other eggs not subjected to the experiment, In the northern part of the United States we have frequently observed the eggs of tiie shell-bearing genera in the forest covered with snow, protected only by a single leaf, where they had remained through the winter months, constantly exposed to a tempera- ture much below the freezing-point. The shell-bearing species them- selves withstand the cold of the severest winters in the same situations ; and Snccinea has been frozen in a solid block of ice, and yet escaped unharmed. Helices, when frozen in a state of confinement, though they sometimes recover so far as to move about with some activity, usually survive but a short time. The power of reproduction of parts of the body is more astonishing 1 Bouchard-C'hantereaux. 2 Leuchs. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 7 still. It is well established by experiments on thousands of Helices, that the eye peduncles, when cut off, grow out again, — that considerable parts of the locomotive disc may be amputated, and the new parts immediately bud out, and supply their place. The great length of time they can subsist without food is another exemplification of their great tenacity of life. Those species, especially, which live in dry and exposed situations have this power of endurance to a remarkable degree. A friend received specimens of Helix desertorum which had been collected in Egypt, had been shipped to Smyrna, thence to Constantinople, thence to Rio Janeiro, and finally to Boston, — occupying a period of about seven months, — which appeared in full vigor when taken from the papers in which they had been enveloped. They were laid away in a drawer ; and on being examined three years afterwards, some of them still came out. in tolerable vigor. As stated above, the shell-bearing genera live mostly in the forest, sheltered under the trunks of fallen trees, layers of decaying leaves, stones, or in the soil itself. In these situations they pass the greater part of their lives. In the early days of spring, they sometimes assemble in considerable numbers, in warm and sunny situations, where they pass hours in indolent enjoyment of the warmth and animating influence of the sunshine. Whether these meetings serve any useful purpose in the economy of the animal, or are caused by the pleasurable sensation, and renewed strength derived from the warmth of the situation after the debility of their winter's torpidity, is uncertain ; it is probable, however, that they precede the business of procreation. It is certain that they last but a short time, and that after early spring the animals are to be found in their usual retreats. In the course of the months of May or June, earlier or later, accord- ing to the locality and as the season is more or less warm, they begin to lay their eggs. These are deposited, to the number of from thirty to fifty, and even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from the sun's rays by leaves, or at the side of logs and stones, without any order, and slightly agglutinated together. The depth of the deposit is usually measured bj r the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its head and body into the soil to the utmost extent, while the shell remains at the surface ; but sometimes the animal burrows three or four inches deep before making the deposit, in order to insure a sufficiently moist position. Three or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are made by one animal during the summer and autumn. When the deposit is 8 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. complete, it is abandoned by the animal. The eggs vary in size accord- ing to the magnitude of the species producing them. They are nearly globular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other, white and opaque. They consist, in general, of an external, semi-calcareous, elas- tic membrane investing the whole, the interior surface of which is usually studded with numerous rhombic, microscopic crystals of carbonate of lime, some species, however, having a hard enveloping calcareous shell, of the consistence of that of a bird's egg ; of an inner thin, transparent, shining membrane which immediately encloses a transparent and some- what viscid fluid, analogous to the albumen of birds' eggs ; of the albu- men itself, and of the vitellus, which, possessing the same degree of transparency as the albumen, cannot be distinguished from it at this time. The elastic eggs, when first laid, are often flaccid, and seemingly only half full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become dis- tended. The embryo animal, with its shell, is observable in the albu- minous fluid in a few days after the egg is laid. Its exclusion takes place, under ordinary circumstances, in from twenty to thirty days, according to the state of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity hasten the process, while cold and dryness retard it to an almost indefinite extent. The hatching of eggs laid late in the autumn is often inter- rupted by the approach of cold weather and of snow, and delayed until the next spring. In some few species the young is hatched from the egg before exclusion. The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and makes its first repast of the shell which it has just left. It consists at first of about one and a half whirls, the umbilicus being minute, but open. Its growth is rapid, and it has usually increased in magnitude three or four times, before the close of the first year. In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first frost, 1 the snail ceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes itself to the under surface of the substance by which it is sheltered, or partially burrows in the soil, and with the aperture of the shell upward, disposes itself for its annual sleep or hibernation. 2 Withdrawing into the shell, it forms over the aperture a membranous covering, consisting of a thin, semi-transparent mixture of lime mucus or gelatine, in some species opaque and thick, secreted from the collar of the animal. This membrane is called the 1 In Florida some species continue active during the whole winter. 2 The same process is adopted by the species of the Pacific Region to protect themselves from the effects of the dry season. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 9 epiphragm. It is formed in this manner : The animal being withdrawn into the shell, the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a quantity of mucus is poured out from it and covers it. A small quan- tity of air is then emitted from the respiratory foramen, which detaches the mucus from the surface of the collar, and projects it in a convex form, like a bubble. At the same moment the animal retreats farther into the shell, leaving a vacuum between itself and the membrane, which is consequently pressed back by the external air to a level with the aperture, or even farther, so as to form a concave surface, where, having become desiccated and hard, it remains fixed. These operations are nearly simultaneous, and occupy but an instant. As the weather be- comes colder, the animal retires farther into the shell, and makes another septum, and so on, until there are sometimes as many as six of these partitions ; the circulation becomes slow ; the pulsations of the heart, which in the season of activity vary from forty to sixty in a minute, according to the temperature of the air, decrease in frequency and strength, until they at length become imperceptible ; the other func- tions of the body cease, and a state of torpidity succeeds, which is inter- rupted only by the reviving heat of the next spring's sun. During the months of April or May, 1 on the accession of the first warm weather of the season, the animal breaks down and devours the membranous parti- tions, and comes forth to participate in the warmth and freshness of the season. At first it is weak and inactive, but, recovering in a short time its appetite, resumes its former activity. The peculiar epiphragm of Binneya is described when treating that genus. The season of hibernation continues from four to six months. The final cause of this extraordinary condition is undoubtedly to enable the animal to resist successfully the extreme reduction of temperature, and to survive through the long period when it must, in northern climates at least, be entirely destitute of its usual food. With a view to the first purpose, a place of shelter is provided, and the aperture of the shell is hermetically sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum ; for the second, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the functions of digestion, respiration, and circulation being suspended, and all the secre- tions and excretions having ceased, there is no drain upon the strength and vitality of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces. Hence it comes forth, at the end of the period, in much the same condition in which it commenced it, and resumes almost immediately its usual func- 1 In New England, earlier in more southern latitudes. 10 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. tions and habits. So entire is the cessation of the function of respira- tion, that the air contained between the epiphragm and the animal is found to be unchanged. The circulation, however, may be partially restored by a small degree of heat, the warmth of the hand being suffi- cient to stimulate the heart to action. The snails pass the greater part of their lives under dead leaves and logs, under stones, or burrowing in the ground. They seldom come from their lurking-places while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen ranging in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark. Should they then be surprised by the appearance of the sun, they immediately take shelter from its rays, under some cover or on the shaded side of the trunks of trees. Their natural food is vegetable ; and the formation of the mouth and the organs with which it is armed seems to be peculiarly well adapted for cutting fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The lower edge of the jaw being applied against the substance to be eaten, the semilunar rough instrument, which has been called the lingual membrane, is brought up against it, cutting out and carrying into the mouth semi- circular portions of nutriment. This operation is carried on with great rapidity, and the substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain, however, that some species 1 are also fond of animal food, and sometimes prey upon earthworms, their own eggs, and even upon each other ; but the slowness of their motions and their consequent inability to pursue prey forbids the idea of their being dependent on animal food. They, in their turn, become the prey of various birds and reptiles ; and it is no uncommon thing to observe, in the forest, clusters of broken shells lying on logs or stones which have been chosen by birds as con- venient places for breaking the shell and extracting the animal. The snails of the United States are for the most part solitary in their habits, differing very much, in this respect, from the snails of Europe. It is true that in localities favorable for their residence they may be collected in considerable numbers ; and especially is this the case in the States north of the Ohio River. But even there they seem to live inde- pendently of each other, and not to unite into herds or communities. There are occasional exceptions, however, as in the case of Patula cdter- nata, very large numbers of which have been observed collected into a small space, especially in winter, as if for the purpose of imparting warmth to each other. The few species of European snails which have These are characterized by the lingual dentition. See Olandina. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 11 been introduced retain their native habits. Tachia kortensis, for instance, which has been transplanted to some of the small islands in the vicinity of Cape Ann, is found there in countless numbers, literally covering the soil and shrubs. It is worthy of notice, also, that each island is inhabited by a variety peculiar to itself, showing that the variety which happened to be introduced there has propagated itself, without a tendency to run into other variations. Thus, on one islet we have the yellowish-green, xinicolored variety, once described as Helix subglobosa ; and on another, within a very short distance, we find a banded variety, and none others. In regard to colors, our snails are quite plain and exceedingly uni- form ; in this respect, also, differing essentially from the species of the Old World. They vary from yellowish-green through horn-color to chest- nut, most of them being simply horn-colored. This is perhaps owing to the fact that our species do not infest our gardens and open fields, but are generally confined to forests, sheltered under logs and stones, and are rarely seen abroad except during twilight or on damp and ^lark days ; indeed, they almost entirely disappear as the forests are cut down, and seem to flee the approach of man. The European species, on the other hand, follow in the track of cultivation, and are common in gardens and fields, on walls and hedges, and other places exposed to the action of light. With the exception of Patula alternata and Hemi- trochus varians, Liguas fasciatus, etc., there is scarcely a species having bands or variegated colors inhabiting eastern North America ; and even these latter species can scarcely be regarded as an exception, as they are only to be found at the southern part of Florida, and are more properly West India shells. In Texas, and beyond the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains in Oregon and California, many of the species have one or more bands. Another peculiarity of the American snails is the toothlike appen- dages with which the aperture of a large proportion of them is armed, and which are characteristic of the group designated by Ferussac under the name Helicodonta. More than one half of the whole number, and more than three fourths of those with reflected peristome, are thus pro- vided. In some species these appendages assume the form of folds rather than teeth ; and in others we have simple threads or laminae revolving within the aperture in the course of the spire. They are not formed until the shell has attained its full growth. The genera not furnished with an external shell are more especially nocturnal than the other families of the order, and they are so rarely 12 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. visible in the daytime that thousands may be near without being known. The injury which they commit in kitchen-gardens, for this reason, is often vaguely ascribed to worms or to birds ; and no measures are taken against the real culprits. Their habits, in general, coincide with those which have been described as distinguishing the order ; and we shall therefore mention here only those which are peculiar to them. They differ from the other families in not possessing the faculty of hiberna- tion, or suspension of their organic functions during the cold season. In temperate latitudes the snails hibernate, under all circumstances, on the approach of cold weather ; the slugs, on the contrary, having the power of resisting extreme cold, continue in their usual haunts until severe frosts set in, when they retire into the earth and other sheltered retreats. Here they remain in a state of inaction and partial torpidity ; the functions of the body, however, still going on, though slowly and with diminished force. A slight increase of heat arouses them and stimulates their organs to renewed action, and they accordingly often come abroad in mild weather, even during the winter. Those which inhabit cellars and other protected situations are in motion throughout the year > and individuals of all the genera and species which we have kept in confinement have continued active, fed freely, and increased in size as much in the coldest months as in the summer. All the species which have yet come under our notice possess the power of suspending themselves in the air by a gelatinous thread. This they effect by accu- mulating a quantity of tenacious mucus at the posterior extremity of the foot, which they attach to the object from which they are to com- mence their descent ; then, loosing their own hold, they hang suspended by this point. Continuing the secretion, their own weight attenuates the mucous attachment, and draws it out into a thread. As this dries and hardens, a fresh supply is afforded, the thread is lengthened, and the animal lets itself down any desirable distance. At this time, also, the margin of the foot pours out mucus freely, and during the whole operation the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, in the same manner as when in ordinary progression. It appears in this way to guide and force towards the extremity the mucus which is secreted on its surface, and which, collected at its extreme point, forms the thread. The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its eye- peduncles and its whole body in various directions, as if seeking some object on which to make a lodgment. The faculty of suspending them- selves in this manner indicates that they pass some part of their lives HABITS AND FACULTIES. 13 on trees, from which they can thus make a convenient descent to the earth ; there are some species, indeed, which are stated to inhabit trees almost exclusively. It may serve also as a means by which they can suddenly escape from the attacks of their enemies, and particularly of birds. It is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least not grown to their full size, that they enjoy this power. Those which have attained their extreme dimensions and weight are too heavy to trust themselves to so frail a support. They have no power to elevate them- selves again, and in this respect are inferior to the spiders, which can both lower and raise themselves by the aid of the secreted thread. Like the spiders, however, they often remain suspended in mid-air for a time, and it is not unlikely that there is some rig. l. pleasurable sensation connected with the act, which induces them thus to prolong it. We have seen the descent actually practised by every one of our Atlantic species, as well as by the large Pacific Ariolimax. Besides the watery fluid which at all times lubricates the integuments, the animals can, at their will, secrete at any point, or over the whole surface of their bodies, a more viscid and tenacious mucus than is usually exuded. This power is used as a means of defence. Whenever a foreign substance touches them, immediately a quantity of this mucus, of the consistence of milk and nearly of the same color, is poured out and forms a kind of membrane interposed between themselves and the irritating substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a cor- rosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they form over them- selves in this way a thick protecting covering, which is undoubtedly a non-conductor of heat and impervious, at least for a time, to liquids. Shielded by this coating, they can live the greater part of a day im- mersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol ; and M. Ferussac asserts that they have survived for hours in boiling water. They leave a trace of their usual secretion on every object over which they pass, and thus can easily be traced to their retreats. The ordinary secretion is most abundant at their posterior extremity. The secretion of the mucous fluid over their surface is necessary to their existence. Death Limax camptstris, suspended. 14 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. immediately follows the failure of this power, and is preceded by the drying up of the skin. All the species are extremely voracious, and devour an incredible quantity of food in a short time. Those found in this country are generally supposed to be vegetable feeders, but nearly all of them subsist occasionally upon dead animal matter, of which they seem to be fond, and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour each other. It is probable, therefore, that in their natural condition, all of them at times resort to animal food, and devour earthworms, in- sects, and their larvae, and such other animals as, inhabiting the same retreats, are like themselves slow of motion and defenceless. It is cer- tain, however, that the principal food of those species which frequent the neighborhood of houses and gardens consists of the tender leaves of succulent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon these, in Europe, they perpe- trate serious ravages, often destroying in a night the labors and hopes of the gardener, and in some years committing so much injury, and interfering to such a degree with the prosperity of the agriculturist, that the}' are ranked among the scourges of the country. Like caterpillars, locusts, and rats, they are considered to be perpetual enemies, and a ■war of extermination is carried on against them. To limit the extent of the evil, many remedies have been proposed, and among others the prayers and exorcisms of the church have been claimed, but without any considerable abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this country subject, in the same degree, to the mischief done by these animals, for their excessive increase is kept in check, probably, by the vicissitudes of the climate ; but it may be useful to know that a border of ashes, sand, or sawdust, laid around the bed containing the plants it is desired to protect, will prove an impassable barrier to the slugs, so long as these substances remain dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier, they become entangled in the dry ashes or sand, which envelops them entirely. The particles of these adhere to the viscid surface of the ani- mals, who, in vain endeavoring to disengage themselves from them by secreting new mucus, at length become exhausted and die. The growth of the slugs is remarkably rapid. AVe have known the young to double their size and weight in a week. The earliest hatched young of the season generally attain their full maturity before the end of the first year, although they may afterwards increase somewhat in bulk. Those which leave the egg at a later period mature during the second year. Individuals kept in confinement and fully fed reach a much greater size than when in their natural condition. HABITS AND FACULTIES. 15 The slugs possess, in a remarkable degree, the power of elongation and contraction of the body. When fully extended, it is long, narrow, more or less cylindrical, and generally terminating in a sharp point. The carina of the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded far beyond the mouth ; the eye-peduncles are long, slender, and grace- ful. The mouth is changed from an oval to an elongated form, with parallel sides and rounded ends. The glands are lengthened, lose their prominence, and appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the touch of a foreign substance, an instant change occurs, and a sudden contraction takes place. The eye-peduncles and tentacles are retracted and the head is drawn under the mantle. The anterior edge of the mantle is brought to the level of the foot, and its form becomes nearly circular. The body is shortened to one fourth of its former length, and tumid ; the back is rounded and rises high in the centre, and the skin is rough with prominent glandular protuberances. The carina, when it exists, becomes conspicuous. This is the form which they assume in their retreats when they retire to protect themselves from the effects of drought and cold. It differs so much from their form when in motion, that one not well acquainted with them would hardly recognize the same animal in its new shape. It is among the Limaces, perhaps, that the change is most striking, and the difference of form between the extremes the greatest. The slugs commence reproducing their kind as early as the end of the first year, before they have attained their full dimensions, and hence the eggs of the same species often vary considerably in size. These are deposited in a cluster of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil and in other moist and protected situations ; or if the species be one that frequents houses, then in the crevices or corners of the walls or under the decaying planks of cellars. In general form and appearance they resemble the eggs of the shell-bearing genera, but differ from them in several important particulars. The eggs of the snails are all opaque, while those of the slugs are more or less transparent, permitting, in the Limaces, a view of the cicatricula, and affording an opportunity of ob- serving its developments. Those of the former are all deposited free, or unconnected, except by a slight agglutination; those of the latter, in some of the species, are connected together by a prolongation of the outer membrane at their longest diameter, thus forming a sort of rosary. In other species they are deposited in a mass. The deposits of eggs, when made, are abandoned by the slug, who then removes to 16 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. some other convenient place. A considerable number of separate deposits are made during the year. The slug3 and some species of snails were considered by the Romans to possess medicinal properties, and this belief continued, among the nations of Europe, through the Middle Ages down to comparatively recent times. There is hardly a disease, internal or external, of man or the domestic animals, in which, according to the statements of authors, they have not proved beneficial ; and the relations concerning them are numerous and truly marvellous. The testaceous rudiment of the Limax acquired in this respect a pre-eminence above the animal itself, and enjoyed a high rank among the numerous bezoars and amu- lets which were supposed to protect the body from evil influences, and to impart health and activity to its various functions. 1 The accounts of their virtues, copied from one author to another, on the authority of names, show how easily error is perpetuated, and how difficult it is to eradicate from the public mind a false opinion which has once obtained a footing. A full relation of all the absurdities which gained credence would form a curious page in the history of credulity and superstition. The more general diffusion of knowledge at the present day has dis- pelled these ideas in a great degree ; but some relics of them still linger among the rural population of many parts of Europe, In this country no such belief has ever prevailed ; and so hidden and clandestine are the habits of the animals, that but a small part of the population is aware of their existence, and those who are familiar with them view them with such feelings of disgust as would effectually prevent their use either as medicine or as food. 2 They have also from very early times been used in the preparation of cosmetics ; and the water pro- cured from them by distillation, no longer than two or three centuries ago, was much celebrated and used by ladies, to impart whiteness and freshness to the complexion. Although the title of this work embraces only the terrestrial genera, I have actually included all the Geophila, and thus have been forced to treat Onchidella, whose habits are strictly marine. At the same time I have omitted several strictly terrestrial genera which are not air- breathing, but furnished with gills, such as Helicina. 1 As late as the close of the sixteenth century Helling published a dissertation with this title : " Ossiculorum limacum usus in febribus." During the year 1863 a syrup of snails was prescribed to members of my family by two regular French physicians in Paris. 3 They are, however, frequently imported as an article of food for foreign residents of our cities. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 17 II. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 1 have already in the " Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" at Cambridge 1 given as correct an idea of the distribution of our species as was possible. In repeating it here (with such additions and corrections as have been suggested by subsequent investigations), I cannot too strongly urge, in extenuation of its imperfection, the mea- greness of the data on which some of my views are founded. I may say with exact truth that California, New England, and the States north of the Ohio River are the only ones which have been thoroughly searched. The species of the rest of the country are known only by the researches of few and widely separated resident naturalists, from the collectors sent by my father, and by collections made by my correspondents while travelling in various sections of the country. The last sources of in- formation are restricted to purely accidental localities. There has been no systematic investigation of vast tracts of intervening country or of some very important points. The subject must be studied in connection with the chapter on the same subject in Vol. I. (p. 99). I need not add that from the proper sources the student of distribution must have a thorough knowledge of the physical geography of North America. The limits of the fauna at the South correspond quite accurately with the political limits of the United States. The Mexican fauna has lately been investigated by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse in the exhaustive work on " Les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles du Mexique et de l'Amerique Centrale." The northern limit of the fauna is formed by climate alone. Thus our limits comprise all the continent of North America, from the extreme north to San Diego and the Rio Grande. Properly speaking, there are two distinct faunas within these limits, the Pacific and Eastern, with perhaps a third in the Central Basin, but for convenience they are all treated as part of the North American fauna. I have therefore designated these as I. The Pacific Province. II. The Central Province. III. The Eastern Province. 2 i Vol. III. No. 9. 1873. 2 In the work of Wallace quoted below, North America is designated as the Nearctic Region. The subdivisions proposed by him correspond almost exactly with my own 18 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The boundaries of these provinces and the subdivisions which appear to exist in them will be given below, as well as lists of their peculiar species. It must be distinctly understood, however, that future re- searches, especially at the South and Southwest, may greatly modify the views here presented. I. The Pacific Province 1 comprises a narrow strip between the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its southern limit is San Diego, from whence it extends northerly into Alaska. Over the whole of this province the following species range : — Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. Ariolimax Columbianus. sportella. Prophysaon Hemphilli. Mesodon Columbiana. Succinea rusticana. germana. Oregonensis. Arionta tudiculata. Nuttalliana. Over the whole of this province we find also the following species com- mon to Eastern North America. They also extend over the whole north- ern portion of the continent, where the mountains by their lower altitude are not barriers to distribution. It is, no doubt, from these regions that they have spread through the Pacific Province, and not westward over the Rocky Mountains. Had other Eastern species extended over the boreal regions, we should, no doubt, have found them also spreading into the Pacific States. They are especially found along the Sierra Nevada. Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris ? indentatus. Patula striatella. minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus. milium. Punctum minutissimum. In the Pacific Province we also find several species common to the circum polar regions of Asia, Europe, and America. They have like- wise spread southward along the Sierra Nevada and on either side of it. Thus his Californian and Rocky Mountain Sub-Region are identical with my Facific and Central Provinces. His Canadian Sub-Region is about the same as my Northern Re- gion of the Eastern Province. His Alleghany Sub-Region includes both my Interior and Southern Region of the Eastern Province. 1 A most interesting account of this fauna is given by Dr. J..G. Cooper : "On the Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid Land Shells" (Am. Journ. of Conch. II. p. 211, with a map). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 19 They have also spread southward over the Central and Eastern Prov- inces, and now inhabit most, if not all, of North America. They are Zonites fulvus. Ferussacia subcylindrica. Other species will probably be added to this list by further search ; among them Vallonia jndchella. In dealing with the species from the North in Eastern North Amer- ica (see below, p. 27), the question of their distribution will be more fully discussed. In addition to the species already enumerated as common to the whole Pacific Province, there are many more restricted in their range. It appears that the Pacific Province is divided into two regions, (a) the Oregonian and (6) Californian, the two intermingling slightly or over- lapping in the extreme north of California, near Humboldt Bay. The faunas of these regions are nearly allied. (a) The Oregon Region lies between the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, extending northerly through British Columbia into Alaska. The following species are peculiar to it :* — - Zonites Stearnsi. Arionta Townsendiana. Microphysa Lansingi. Arion foliolatus ? Mesodon devia. Hemphillia glandulosa. Aglaja fidelis. Succinea Hawkinsi. There seems to be here some overlapping of the Pacific and Central Provinces, as Arionta Townsendiana, Mesodon devia, and Macrocyclis Vancouverensis extend along the mountains southeasterly into Idaho and Montana. The former two become much dwarfed in size at their most eastern range. (6.) The Californian Region extends from Humboldt Bay to San Diego, between the Sierra Navada and Cascade Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The following are the species peculiar to it : — Macrocyclis Voyana. Zonites chersinellus. Duranti. Limax Hewstoni. Vitrina Pfeifferi. Binneya notabilis. Zonites Whitneyi. Ariolimax Californicus. conspectus. niger. 1 T formerly omitted Onchidclla borealis, Dall, from Sitka, being doubtful whether the genus should be treated as American. More recently I have had reason to include it in my work ; see below. 20 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Ariolimax HemphillL Arionta Carpenteri. Andersoni. Mormonum. Arion ? Andersoni. sequoicola. Qonostoma Yatesi. Traski. Triodopsis Harfordiana. Dupetithouarsi. loricata. ruficincta. Aglaja infumata. Gabbi. Hillebrandi. facta. Arionta arrosa. Kelletti. Nickliniana. Stearnsiana. Ayresiana. Euparypha Tryoni. redimita. Glyptostoma Newberryanxxm. intercisa. Pupa corpulenta. exarata. Rowelli. ramentosa. Californica. Californiensis. Succinea Sillimani. Diabloensis. Stretchiana. Of the above, several species extend beyond the limits of the region. Thus, Yitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyi, Pupa corpulenta, Succinea Sillimani, Succinea Stretchiana, and S. rusticana are found also on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in the Central Province. Aglaja infumata and Macrocyclis Voyana are also found outside the bounds of the Region, in the Oregonian Region. With the fauna of Lower California there seems no connection, thoxigh one or two species overlap at the dividing line, as Arionta Stearnsiana. Another species, A. Carpenteri, is included in the above list, having been quoted from San Diego and Tulare Valley, California. It may, however, belong rather to the Lower California fauna,* having been * The peninsula of Lower California forms a distinct molluscous province of itself, ex- tending nearly to San Diego. The following species are peculiar to it : — Ccelocentrum irregulare, Gabb. Bulimulus pallidior, Sowerby. Arionta Stearnsiana, Newc. excelsus, Gould. Rowelli, Newc. (Lohri, Gabb.) inscendens, W. G. Binn. Euparypha areolata, Sowb. (Veitchii. sufflatus, Gould. Tryon). pilula, W. G. Binn. Pandoras, Forbes. proteus, Brod. levis, Pfr. Xantusi, W. G. Binn. Berendtia Taylori, Pfr. artemisia, W. G. Binn. Bulimus spirifer, Gabb. Onchidium Carpenteri, W. G. Binn. Gabbi, Crosse. Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also found in Lower California. Of the above list one only has been found near San Diego, A. Stearnsiana. Another, A. Rowelli, has been referred to Arizona, but with doubtful accuracy. E. Pandora and are- olata have also erroneously been referred to California. A. Jtemondi (Carpenteri) is omitted from the list, as it also occurs in the California Region. It is the only species GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 21 described from that region under the name of H. Remondi, and from Guaymas. Veronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also said to extend into California. I should also mention that Binneya notabilis has been found on Guadalupe Island, off the coast of Lower California. From the list of California species are omitted Columna Californica, actually collected at Marmato, New Granada, by Mr. Bland, and Zonites cultdlatus, probably an accidentally introduced European shell. Buli- mus Califomicus is also omitted, belonging, no doubt, to the region of Mazatlan. Also Glandina Albersi, which we know to live in the Sierra Mad re. Separate lists of species peculiar to the several regions of the Pacific Province are given above. There now follows a complete list of all the species hitherto observed in the entire Province. Macrocyclia Vancouverensis. Vitrina Pfeifferi. sportelia. Limax campestris. Voyana. Hewstoni. Duranti. Prophysaon Hemphilli. Zonites Whitneyi. Ariolimax Columbianus. arboreus. Califomicus. indentatus. niger. minusculus. Hemphilli. milium. Andersoni. conspectus. Arion? foliolatus. chersinellus. ? Andersoni. Stearnsi. Binneya notabilis. fulvus. Hemphillia glandulosa. common to the peninsula and mainland of Mexico. The most interesting fact in the fauna of Lower California is the presence of Bulimulus proteus and B. pallidior, — species de- scribed originally from South America, the former from Chili. Such facts can only be accounted for by a theory of former connection of the two points. Though still more remotely connected with the subject of this paper, it will be inter- esting to add here a list of species found at and north of Mazatlan, on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Glandina turris, Pfr. Polygyra acutedentata, W. G. Binn. Albersi, Pfr. ventrosula, Pfr. Holospira Remondi, Gabb. Bulimulus Ziegleri, Pfr. Patula Mazatlanica, Pfr. Califomicus, Rve. ? Arionta Carpenteri, Newc. Orthalicus undatus, Brag. Polygyra anilis, Gabb. Pupa chordata, Pfr. Behri, Gabb. Succinea cingulata, Forbes. Of the above, P. Mazatlanica has lately been quoted from San Francisco, confounded ■with some allied species, as I have since learned. A. Mormonum is omitted from this list, its presence in Sonora not having been con- firmed, although asserted, doubtfully, by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse. 22 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Fatula striatella. Arionta sequoicola. Mici ophysa Lansing! Diabloensis. Helicodiacus lineatus. Traski. Gonostoma Yatesi. Dupetithouarsi. Triodopsis Harfordiana. ruficincta. loricata. facta. Mesodon Columbiana. Gabbi. germana. Kelletti. devia. Stearnsiana. Aglaja fidelis. Euparypha Tryoni infumata. Glyptostoma Newberryanum. Hillebrandi. Ferussacia subcylindrica. Arionta arrosa. Pupa Rowelli. Townsendiana. Californica. tudiculata. corpulenta. Nickliniana. Succinea Sillimani. Ayresiana. Stretchiana. redimita. Hawkinsi. intercisa. rusticana. exarata. Nuttalliana. ramentosa. Oregon ensis. Californiensis. Punctum minutissimum. Carpenteri. Veronicella olivacea. Mormonum. Several of the above will eventually prove to be synonymes, but the total number of species is small in comparison with the great size of the Pacific Province. An equal extent of territory in the Mississippi Valley, or even on the Atlantic coast, would show a larger number ; and the comparatively small regions of Texas, Florida, and the Cumberland Mountains would each show an equal number of species peculiar to itself, independent of what they have in common with the rest of East- ern North America. This disparity in number is still more plainly shown in the separate region of Oregon. Thus it appears that the Pacific Province is not rich in the number of its species, but it is peculiarly favored in their size and beauty, — in this respect strikingly in contrast with the Central Province and Eastern Province. From the Central Province the Pacific Province is quite distinct. A few species have been shown above to inhabit both slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and a few of the Oregon species have passed the barrier of the Cascade Mountains on the north, 1 but the peculiar Pacific forms, such as Arionta and Aglaia, are unknown in the Central Province. On the 1 Since the above was published I have received living specimens of Patula sohlaria from the Dalles on the Columbia River, proving that that species has passed the barrier of the Cascade Mountains and penetrated into the Pacific Region. It had already been noticed in the Central Province. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 23 other hand, the only form which has any development in the Central Province, Patula, is scarcely known in the Pacific Province. Compared with Eastern North America, or the Eastern Province, as it is designated below, the Pacific Province is remarkable for the absence of all the larger Zonites. The presence of the smaller species, also, may perhaps be accounted for by migration from the north, so that the genus Zonites cannot be considered as characteristic of the Province. The genus Pupa is less common. The genera Tebennophorus and Pallifera, so universally distributed in Eastern North America, arc unknown, and so are the southern genera Glandina and Pulimulus. On the other hand, we find the genus Macrocyclis much more developed, and meet several genera unknown in the Eastern Province, such as Ariolimax, Binneya, Prophysaon, and Hemphillia. The genera of disintegrated Helix are proportionally more developed in the Pacific Region, and are represented by quite dissimilar subgenera. The genera so peculiar to the Eastern Province, Polygyra, Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon, are scarcely represented. In their place we find Aglaia and Arionta, forms unknown in the Eastern Province. The latter, though feebly repre- sented in Europe, is characteristic of California. It is prolific of species and also of varieties to a degree which has caused some confusion in the synonymy. Glyptostoma is also peculiar to California. From Lower California and Mexico the Pacific Region has been shown to be equally distinct, wanting entirely the Holospira, Glandina, Buli- muhis, and Zonites of those regions. Failing on the north, east, and south, the west alone is left to us from whence to trace the pulmonate fauna of the Pacific Region, and here the secret of its origin lies buried under the Pacific Ocean. 1 r 1 A subsidence of eight hundred feet in the continent of North America would leave on its eastern shore a strip of land of about equal size of our Pacific Region, equally distinct in its terrestrial mollusca from the balance of the continent. In this case, however, we should have a distant island of the Appalachian chain on which we should find all the species of the eastern coast of the mainland. This would give us a proof of what we can now only suspect as regards the Pacific Province, — of former more wide distribution of its pulmonate fauna. From wherever the fauna may have originated, we can easily explain its present condition. The physical and climatic features of the Pacific Region are such as readily to account for its richness in terrestrial mollusks in comparison with the less favored Central Province, and even with the Eastern Province. In the supposed subsi- dence in the Southern Region the change would be still greater. All the species peculiar to it, catalogued on p. 35, would perish, excepting Bulimulus dealbatus. This species ■would still be found in Kentucky, restricted to a small area ; all record of its former wide distribution being at the same time destroyed. The West Indian and South American species, catalogued on pp. 36, 37, would no longer 24 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. II. The Central Province extends from Mexico to the British Possessions, between the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the west. The following are the species peculiar to the province : — Limax montanus. Patula Horni. Patula strigosa. Microphysa Ingersolli. Cooperi. Polygyrella polygyrella. Haydeni. Mesodon Mullani ( = devia). Idahoensis. Pupa Arizonensis. Hemphilli. hordeacea. The second and third of these species, perhaps identical, are also found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming and Dakota, in company with P. solitaria. I have shown above that the last-named species has penetrated the Central Province, and even passed the barriers of the Pacific Province at the Dalles. To the above must be added, as inhabiting the province, but not peculiar to it, the following species from the Pacific Province, inhabiting either slope of the Sierra Nevada : Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyi, Pupa corpulenta, Succinea Sillimani, and Succinea Stretchiana. The fol- lowing, also, from the Oregonian Region of the Pacific Province, Mesodon devia, Arionta Townsendiana, and Macrocyclis Vaacouverensis, are found at its most northern point, though the former two species are reduced in size. be found on the North American Continent, nor would any record be preserved of the former connection of the regions. Indeed, no one would then suspect that the tropical genera Glandina, Veronicella, and Cylindrella had ever been represented on the eastern portion of this continent. The West India Islands being much more widely separated from North America, the presence among them of the small American species (catalogued on p. 37) would be still more difficult to explain. Again, the supposed subsidence would destroy most of the species peculiar to the Sub- Region of Texas (see p. 37), and remove the evidence of the present intermingling of the North American and Mexican faunas in that Sub-Region. Auother effect would be to remove from our reach all evidence of the origin of our species in Post-pleiocene days, the fossil deposits in the bluffs being rendered inaccessible. Thus one would not be able to have correct impressions of the origin and distribution of certain species. The non-pulnionate Helicince give the best instance of this. Finding Jlelicina orbiculata and occulta confined to the narrow limits of the Appalachian Island, one would have no reason to suspect their past history has been so much more interesting than that of many of the species of Stenotrema, etc., found with them, which never had had a larger distribution. It would be impossible to know that Helicina orbiculata and occulta flourished greatly in Post-pleiocene times ; that later, one of them, occulta, became comparatively rare and restricted in range, while orbiculata became very numerous in GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 25 "We find, also, over the Central Province the following species, whose derivation can readily be traced to the north j 1 Zonites minusculus, ful- vus, indentatus, Vallonia pulchella, Helicodiscus lineatus, Patula striatella, Ferussacia subcylindrica. Arionta Rowelli, a Lower California species, is omitted from the list, its presence in Arizona not being well authenticated. The fauna of the Central Province is quite distinct from that of the Pacific Province, but is nearly allied to that of the Eastern Province, its genera being the same, excepting Polygyrella. It may therefore be of the same origin as the fauna of the Eastern Province. The paucity of species over this large province is owing to the nature of its climate and soil, — causes in equal force on the western border of the Eastern Province. In order to avoid mistakes in the study of the geographical distribution of North American Land Shells, one must constantly bear in mind the individuals over a vast extent of territory ; and finally, that our supposed subsidence gradually restricted them to the Appalachian Island. This supposition of subsidence might be carried still further, till we should have in cer- tain islands of the Appalachian chain the sole resting-places of the now widely distributed Eastern North American fauna. The more southern of these islands would alone retain the species of the present Cumberland Sub-Region, and thus be much richer in species than the more northern islands. On the other hand, these more northern islands would possess species derived from the present northern regions which would not be found in the southern islands. Still more instructive is the supposition of a subsidence in Eastern North America which would leave above the level of the sea only two groups of islands, formed by the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Mitchell and Black Mountain of North Carolina. On the latter we may suppose would be preserved all the species given in the lists on pp. 32, 33. Of these species all would be peculiar to the island, except such as are named in the list on p. 30, which would all be found also in the White Mountains, where we should also find the following species peculiar to the islands, Mesodon Sayii, dentifera; Vitrina limpida ; Zonites milium, Binneyanvs, ferreus, exiguus, multidentatus ; Patula striatella, asteriscus; Pupa decora; Vertigo Gouldi, Bollesiana, simplex; Succinea Totteniana. Of the former distribution of these species nothing could be known, but a former connection of the two groups of islands would be surely indicated by the presence of so large a proportion of species common to each. A former connection of the two groups of islands with Europe and Asia would be as surely indicated by the presence on each of Zonites fulrus, nitidus, viridulus; Acanthinula harpa; Vallonia pulchclii ; Ferussacia subcylindrica, and Pujia muscorum. Nor could it escape the attention of conchologists that these and other small species, Z. arboreus, etc. (see p. 27, note), proved that a former connection must have existed between these groups of islands and the far-off Central and Pacific Provinces. 1 See remarks on the distribution of these species over Eastern North America, below. 26 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. changes in the names and boundaries of the trans-Missi°sippi States and Territories. 1 III. The Eastern Province comprises the remaining portions of the continent north of Mexico. The species by which it is inhabited have been derived partly from the north, partly from the interior, and partly from the south. It may therefore be divided into the (a) Northern Eegion, (b) the Interior Region, and (c) the Southern Region. (a.) The Northern Region 2 comprises the whole northern portion of the continent, including Greenland and Alaska. Its southern boun- dary is not perfectly known, and probably not exactly marked; it may, however, be indicated in general terms as the same with the political division between the British Possessions and the United States to the northeast corner of New York, where it runs southwesterly along the Appalachian chain of mountains to Chesapeake Bay, thus including all New England, and the portions of New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland lying east of those mountains. Into this south- ern extension of the Region we find the Interior Region overlapping, as •will be shown below while treating of the Interior fauna. At other points in the Region, also, have been found species from the Interior Region, 8 especially small Zonites, which are able to bear the severe climate of the north. The following are the species of the Northern Region : — Vitrina limpida. Zonites multidentatus. Angelicae. Patula striatella exilis. asteriscus. Zonites fulvus. pauper. nitidus. Acanthinula harpa. viridulus. Vallonia pulchella. Fabricii. Ferussacia subcylindrica. milium. Pupa muscorum. Binneyanus. Blandi. ferreus. Hoppii. eziguus. decora. 1 Thus, Helix Mullani was described in Land and Freshwater Shells of North America, I. 131, from points in Washington Territory and Oregon. Both localities are now in Idaho. (1875.) 3 For a description of this Region, see Vol. I. pp. 124, 125, under sections 5 and 6. The American land shells, especially those of the Interior Region, are forest species ; they become rare towards the Northern Region of the continent as the deciduous trees become rare. 8 See Proc. Phila. Acad. N. S., 1861, p. 330, for the northern range of species from the Interior Region. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 27 Pupa borealis. Succinea Haydeni. Vertigo Gouldi. Verrilli. Boliesiana. Higginsi. simplex. Groenlandica. Punctum minutissimum. Totteniana. Of the above, several are circumpolar species, common to the three continents of Europe, Asia, and America. There being no mountain- barriers in these regions, they are not restricted in their range across America. In their progress southward, also, they have met with no transverse mountain-barriers, but have spread equally on the east and west of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Hence we find them common to the whole of North America. 1 Such are : — Zonites viridulus. Vallonia pulchella. fulvus. Ferussacia subcylindrica. nitidus. Pupa muscorum. Acanthinula harpa. This list will be increased should it be proved that Mr. Gwyn Jef- freys 2 is correct in referring the following American species to those of Europe : Vitrina limpida = V. pellucida, Punctum minutissimum = Helix pygmsea, Drap., Limax campestris = L. lsevis, Mull., Vertigo Gouldii=:V. alpestris, Aid., Vertigo Boliesiana = V. pygmsea, Drap., V. ovata = V. antivergo, Drap., V. ventricosa = V. Moulinsiana, V. simplex = V. edentula, Drap., Succinea ovalis = S. elegans, Risso, S. Totteniana = S. putris, Drap. var. A comparison of the lingual denti- tion of many of these has convinced me that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is not correct, as shown below in the descriptive portion of my work, under each species of the list. From Asia have come into Alaska the following : Vitrina exilis, Patula patqier, Pupa borealis. 1 In the same way we can account for the distribution of the small eastern species over the Central and Pacific Provinces. They have not crossed the mountain-barriers, but spread southward from their wider range in the north. Such are : — Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris. indentatus. Patula striatella. minusculus. Helicodiscus lineatus. milium. Punctum minutissimum. These northern species, both indigenous and circumpolar, may have been assisted in their migration southward by glacial agencies. There is a wide field for speculation here. » Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1872, 245, 246. 28 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The species peculiar to Greenland are Vitrina Angelica?, Zonites Fabricii, Pupa Hoppii, and Succinea Groenlandica. Of these, Pupa Hoppii has, however, also been found on Anticosti Island. Into this Northern Region have also been introduced by commerce from Europe the following : Zonites cellarius, at most of, if not at all of, the ports from New York to Halifax; Limax flavus, L. agrestis, and Avion fuscus, which follow the white man over the whole United States, living around his habitations ; and L. maximus, also around human habitations, but noticed only in Newport, R. I., New York City, and Philadelphia; Fruticicola hisjrida at Halifax, F. ntfescens at Quebec; Tachea hortensis on the islands off the coast of New England and the British Provinces, and on the mainland in Canada and Greenland. Of the species referred above to the Northern Region, several have spread beyond its limits. Vitrina limpida has been found in Central New York ; Zonites viridulus extends to Mexico ; Z. milium to San Francisco and Kentucky ; Z. fulvus and Vallonia pulchella all over the United States ; Zonites nitidus, Z. mrdtidentatus, and Punctum minutis- simum to Ohio, the last to Texas and to California ; Ferussacia subcylin- drica to the States south of the Great Lakes and into California and New Mexico ; Patula striatella to Virginia, as well as into Oregon and Nevada. The Northern Region does not differ in the characteristics of its fauna from that lying south of it, but its climate is too severe for any but the more hardy forms. Thus, we find only the small species of Zonites and disintegrated Helix, with the genus Vitrina. Compared with the bal- ance of North America, the Region is peculiar for the great distribution of its species east and west, owing to the mountain-ranges having here lost the great elevation which they have farther south, and thus ceasing to be barriers to distribution. The Region is also interesting as being the source from whence have spread southward over the whole conti- nent several small species now found in Florida and Texas, and even in Mexico and the West Indies. (b.) The Interior Region lies to the south of the Northern Region, but extends only as far as the Rocky Mountains 1 on the west. South- erly it extends to the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the dividing line here not being sharply defined. This is the only portion of the continent where we have evidence of 1 This is the extreme limit, but before reaching it the land shells have become very rare, owing to the nature of the soil. For a description see Vol. I. 1. c. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 29 the origin of our land mollnsks in former geological times. In the Post-pleiocene deposits along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers are found immense beds of shells, "proving that our existing species were living at a period which, though recent in a geological sense, was anterior to the last geological revolution, when the surface of this portion of the earth was brought to its present condition, and to the existence of the higher order of animals which now inhabit it, and even to that of the extinct mammalians which are known only by their gigantic remains." 1 From the evidence gathered from these deposits, it appears that the fauna of this Region can be traced to Indiana and Ohio. From this centre the species have extended over the Region ; some of them also have passed the barrier of the Appalachian chain into the Northern Region, and some have spread, with the enlargement of the continent, into the Southern Region. Another theory might suggest that the Cumberland Sub-Region was the point of origin of all the species, those still restricted to that sub-region not b&ng adapted to the wider distri- bution which the other species have obtained. Any one familiar with the habits of snails is well aware how much they differ in this respect. Some are much more disposed to migrate than others. Thus, Triodopsis appressa is content to remain within a radius of a few feet under a deca} T ing log ; Mesodon thyroides is more restless, travels much, and climbs trees ; Tachea nemoralis has no local attachments, migrating far and wide. These facts I have verified in my own garden during many years. The Triodojjsis appressa spoken of are descendants of Illinois specimens given me twenty years ago by the lamented Kennicott. I will here mention that a colony of T. appressa has lately been found in the island of Bermuda, no doubt introduced on plants. The following species have actually been found fossil in the Post- pleiocene deposits : — Zonites arboreus. Macrocyclis concava. fuliginosus. Patula solitaria. inornatus. alternata. intertextus. perspectiva. ligerus. Helicodiscus lineatus. gularis. Strobila labyrinthica. 1 See Vol. I. 185. It must be remembered that the glacial epoch would not destroy this fauna, as the ice sheet did not extend over the southern portion of the Region. Here the species would be preserved, and from hence, after the disappearance of the ice, they would repeople the whole Region. so TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Mesodou exoleta. thyroides. clausa. profunda. Pupa armifera. contracta. Succinea obliqua. Helicina 1 orbiculata. occulta. Polygyra auriformia. Stenotrema stenotremum. hirsutum. mono don. Triodopsis palliata. obstricta. appressa. inflecta. Mesodon albolabris. elevata. Of the above all are now living and are equally numerous, excepting Helicina occulta, a species most abundant in Post-pleiocene days, but now almost extinct. 2 The other species of Helicina is now confined to more southern limits. In addition to the above, the following species, now living in the Inte- rior Province, probably had their origin in Post-pleiocene times and will, no doubt, be found fossil in the "bluffs" : — Zonites friabilis. leevigatus. suppressus. indentatus. interims. minusculus. limatulus. Polygyra Dorfeuilliana. leporina. Mesodon multilineata. Pennsylvania. Mitchelliana. dentifera. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Pall if era dorsalis, and Limax campestris probably have also come down from Post-pleiocene times. From their nature they could leave no record of their presence in the " bluffs." There are also found in the Interior Region several forms of Succinea of doubtful specific value, which have been described as Mesodon bucculenta. Sayii. Triodopsis tridentata. fallax. Pupa pentodon. fallax. rupicola. corticaria. Vertigo milium. ovata. Succinea avara ovalis. Succinea aurea. Mooresiana. Succinea retusa. Grosvenori. lineata. The following is a complete list of those species of the Interior Pvegion 1 Though not Pulmonata, these two species are strictly terrestrial in their habits, and are here introduced from their value on the question of the permanence of the Post-pleio- cene species. One of them is almost extinct, the other more restricted in its range at present. 2 See Vol. I. 183, 184 ; Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. II. of N. Y., IX. 289. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 31 which have spread beyond it by passing the barriers of the Appalachian chain, and are now found over New England and the whole southern extension of the Northern Region, described on p. 26, as well as over the whole Southern Region. They may therefore be said to inhabit all of the Eastern Province. Macrocyclis concava. Triodopsis fallax. Zonites fuliginoBus. Mesodon albolabris. inornatus. thyroidea Buppressus. Pupa pentodon. indentatus. fallax. arboreus. armifera. minuBCulus. contracta. Limax campestris. rupicola. Patula alternata. corticaria. Helicodiscus lineatus. Vertigo milium. Strobila labyrintbica. ovata. Stenotrema hirsutum. Succinea avara. monodcn. obliqua. Triodopsis palliata. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. tridentata. Pallifera dorsalis. Mesodon Sayii and M. dentifera have spread into New England only from the Interior Region. They have not been found in more southern latitudes on the Atlantic slopes of the Appalachian chain, nor in the Southern Region. The geographical range of these species is very great, forming one of the most striking features of the North American fauna. Still more widely distributed are those minute species which have been mentioned above as spreading southwardly from the Northern Region equally on both sides of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. These species may be said to inhabit the whole continent of North America as far south as Mexico. The range of some is still greater. Thus, Zonites viinusculus has been found from British Columbia to Labrador on the north, to Yucatan and Florida on the south, and still farther in Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Bermuda. Strobila labyrinthica also is found over all Eastern North America, and perhaps in Mexico (as H. Strebeli, see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 267). It is also by some considered identical with an Eocene fossil of France and England. (See below.) Zonites arboreus ranges from Labrador to New Mexico, and in Nevada and California, and from British Columbia to Florida, Cuba, and Guadaloupe. Vertigo ovata is found from Maine to Mexico and in Cuba. The character of the soil and climate, with, perhaps, the gradual ele- vation, is such as to render the land shells rare, if not quite extinct, 32 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. before the Rocky Mountains fire reached, the western boundary of the Interior Region. But one species, Patula solitaria, seems to have passed this mountain-barrier into the Central Province. This is found with P. Cooperi in Montana and Idaho, very difficult to distinguish from forms of the last species. It is, however, oviparous (from Salmon River, Idaho), while P. strigosa, Cooperi, Hemphill i, and Idahoensis are viviparous. 1 It has also passed into the Pacific Province at the Dalles. The following list contains the names of all the species inhabiting the Interior Region, including those which have spread into it from the Northern Region : — Macrocyclis concava. Zonites fuliginosua. friabilis. laevigatas, ligerus. intertextus. inornatus. nitidus. arboreus. viridulus. indentatus. limatulus. minusculus. fulvus. gularis. suppressus. interims. Limax campestris. Patula solitaria. alternata. perspective striatella. Helicodiscus lineatus. Strobila labyrinthica. Polygyra Dorfeuilliana. leporina. auriformis. Stenotrema stenotremum. hirsutum. monodon. Triodopsis palliata. obstricta. appressa. inflecta. Triodopsis fallax. Mesodon albolabris. multilineata. Pennsylvanica. Mitchelliana elevata. exoleta. dentifera. thyroides. clausa. profunda. Sayii. Acanthinula harpa. Vallonia pulchella. Pupa muscorum. pentodon. fallax. armifera. contracta. rupicola. corticaria. Vertigo milium. ovata. Succinea retusa. Grosvenori. Mooresiana. ovalis. lineata. avara. aurea. obliqua. Totteniana. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. Pallifera dorsalis. tridentata. i It has been suggested by Dr. H. Dohrn that this characteristic is connected with the fact of the great dryness of the soil in the Central Province. The young shell is ready to GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 33 The above list shows the Interior Region to be remarkable for the development of the section of Zonites familiar by \he European Z. oli- vetorum (Mesomphix of Alb. ed. 2). Of the disintegrated genus Helix the section or genus Mesodon is most developed. This is almost exclu- sively a North American subgenus, as is also Triodopsis, which is also greatly developed in the Interior Region. In addition to the species included in the above list as inhabiting all of the Interior Region, there is a large group of species found within its limits, but having a more restricted range. They are found in what may be called the Cumberland Sub-Region. This is comprised in the southern portion of the Appalachian chain, situated in Eastern Tennes- see and the adjoining counties of North Carolina, with an offshoot into the mountains of West Virginia. 1 The following species are peculiar to this Sub-Region : — Vitrina latissima. Stenotrema labrosum. Zonites capnodes. Edgarianum. Bubplanus. Edvardsi. sculptilis. barbigerum. Elliotti. maxillatum. demissus. Triodopsis Rugeli. capsella. introferens. placentula. Mesodon Clarki. lasmodon. Christyi. Patula Cumberlandiana. Lawi. tenuistriata? Wheatleyi. Polygyra fastigans. Wetherbyi. Troostiana. Downieana. Hazardi. Pallifera Wetherbyi. Stenotrema spinosum. Of these, several have spread beyond the limits given above for tho Sub-Region. Thus, Zonites lasmodon and Stenotrema spinosum have been found in. Northern Alabama. Polygyra Hazardi has also spread into Northern Alabama, and equally into Georgia and Kentucky. Steno- trema labrosum and Edgarianum in Alabama, and in one case have been collected in Arkansas. S. barbigerum, S. maxillatum, and Zonites cap- nodes have found their way into Alabama and Georgia; Mesodon Clarki into Georgia. Zonites subplanus has been found even in Pennsylvania, protect itself from the moment of its birth, while, if deposited as an egg by the parent, it might perish from drought. 1 For a description of its physical and climatic characters, see Vol. I. 122. It is thero designated as the Southern Interior Section, and is given a wider western range. 34 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. having, no doubt, crept along the mountain chain ; but no other of the species of the Cumberland Sub-Region has been found as far north, excepting Z. demissus. This last-named species is. found in a highly developed state in Eastern Tennessee, and has extended into Western Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama (near Mobile), and Arkansas in a much dwarfed condition. If to the twenty-nine species catalogued above as peculiar to the Sub-Region are added the sixty-six species which inhabit it as a portion of the Interior Region (see p. 32), it will be seen that in the Cumber- land Sub-Region we find the largest number of species of any portion of North America. The Sub-Region is equally prolific in individuals, and the individuals are highly developed. These facts are partially explained by the nature of the country. Low mountains, thickly shaded, well-watered, and with a genial climate and proper soil, offer in their thickets and ravines innumerable safe breeding-grounds for the land shells. 1 There seem also to be in this Sub-Region conditions peculiarly conducive to testaceous variation. Six (or twenty per cent) of its peculiar species are cai'inated, and here also the following spe- cies of the Interior Region show the same tendency to carination, — Zonites ligerus, intertextus, Patula alternata, Triodopsis appressa and pcdliata. Here, also, we first notice the variation of Patula alternata towards heavy ribs upon its shell ; which is still more apparent as the species extends towards the southwest. 2 Here, also, Mesodon elevata is often found banded. The Cumberland Sub-Region is peculiar for the development of Zonites, and in the disintegrated genus Helix for the development of the section or genus Stenotrema, almost peculiar to these narrow limits. (c.) The Southern Region comprises the peninsula of Florida, with the adjacent islands, together with the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It includes, therefore, the eastern portion of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, all of Florida, the southern part of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, extending into Texas. 3 Its boundaries, however, are but imperfectly known, and probably not accurately de- fined. Many of the species from the Interior Region and Cumberland 1 See Vol. I. pp. 122, 123. Being less adapted for cultivation than the balance of East- ern North America, we may hope for the preservation of our land shells in this Region, while they decrease rapidly before the advance of civilization elsewhere. See Ibid., pp. 132. 133. 2 This heavily ribbed form was common in Postpleiocene days. 8 See Vol. I. 120, for a description of the Region. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 35 Sub-Region have spread into its northern portion, and the following have extended over the larger portion of it : — Macrocyclis concava. Zonites fuliginosus. inornatus. suppressus. iudentatus. arboreus. minusculua. Limax campestris. Patula alternata. Helicodiscus lineatus. Strobila labyrinthica. Stenotrema hirsutum. monodon. Triodopsis palliata. tridentata. fallax. Triodopsis Van Nostrandi. Mesodon albolabris. thyroides. Pupa pentodon. fallax. armifera. contracta. rupicola. corticaria. Vertigo milium. ovata. Succinea avara. obilqua. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis. Pallifera dorsalis. Equally wide over the Region has been the distribution of those minute species whose origin has been traced to circumpolar regions (see p. 26). Such are: Zonites viridulus, ftdvus, and Vallonia pulchella. In addition to these species derived from the north, are found the fol- lowing species peculiar to the Region, whose origin can be traced to the south, in the peninsula of Florida, from whence, indeed, many of them have not yet spread over the whole Region : — Glandina truncata. Zonites cerinoideus. Polygyra auriculata. uvulifera. Postelliana. espiloca. avara. cereolus. septemvolva. Carpenteriana. Febigeri. pustula. pustuloides. Triodopsis Hopetonensis. Of the more widely spread species, Polygyra septemvolva is represented by various forms over the whole southern littoral region, both of the Atlantic and Gulf. So is Glandina truncata, Mesodon jejuna, Polygyra Mesodon major, jejuna. Mobiliana. Bulimulus Floridanus. Dormani. dealbatus. Cylindrella jejuna. Pupa variolosa. modica. Succinea effusa. campestris. Wilsoni. Veronicella Floridana. 36 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. pustula, pustuloides, and Pupa modica. Triodopsis Hopetonensis ex- tends only along the Atlantic alluvial Region. Bulimulus dealbatus is also distributed over the whole Region, from North Carolina to Texas, and has spread northward to Arkansas and Kentucky. Suc- cinea campestris extends along the Atlantic coast as far as South Caro- lina, as does also Zonites cerinoideus, even into North Carolina and Virginia. Polygyra esjnloca and Postelliana have been noticed thus far in the southeastern corner of Georgia. The former also at New Orleans and Indianola. Succinea Wilsoni, at Darien, Ga. Mesodon major ex- tends from the Gulf to Abbeville, S. C, confined to a narrow track of territory. The following European species have been introduced by commerce into this Region, and still exist at the points named : Stenogyra decol- lata, Lin., Turricida terrestris and Pomatia aspersa, Mull., at Charleston, S. C. ; Ccecilianella acicula, Miill., Florida. From the list of species peculiar to the Southern Region it will be seen that the prevailing form is Polygyra, a group or genus peculiarly American, represented in the Interior Region indeed, but meeting its greatest development here. The presence of Glandina and Veronicella shows, also, the more southern character of land-shell fauna. But the Region, and especially that portion of it from whence the fauna was distributed, i. e. the southern extremity of Florida, is still more peculiar in showing the connection between the land shells of the continent of North America and those of the West India Islands and the Spanish Main. Of the species given above (p. 35), C ylindrella jejuna was, per- haps, introduced from Cuba, and Bulimulus Dormant may prove iden- tical with B. maculatus, Lea, of Carthagena. The following species have evidently been introduced 1 from the West India fauna : 2 — Zonites Gundlachi, Oul>a, etc. Bulimulus Marielinus, Cub. Patula vortex, Cuba, etc. Strophia incana, Cuba. Hemitrochus varians, New Providence. Stenogyra subula, Cuba, etc. Cylindrella Poeyana, Cuba. gracillima, Cuba, etc. Macroceramus Kieneri, Cuba. Liguus fasciatus, Cuba. Gossei, Cuba. Orthalicus undatus, Cuba. From Yucatan one species has been introduced, Polygyra ojjpilata. 1 Either by oceanic, currents since the formation of the peninsula of Florida, or else, from some island of the West India group, now enclosed in the peninsula. It is interest- ing in this connection to refer to the discover}', by Mr. Conrad, of a Tertiary fossil at Tampa Hay, BiUimus Floridanus, Conr. See also below, p. 40. 2 Also several non-pulmonate species, as Helicina subglobulosa, Cuba ; Ctc7iopo7na rugulosum, Cuba ; Ckondropoma deutatum, Cuba. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 37 Bulimulus mult Hi neat us was introduced from the continent of South America, 1 where it has been found at St. Martha, N. Granada, and at Maracaibo and Pto. Cabello in Venezuela. Florida has not only received several of its species from the West Indies, but also from its southern extremity it has contributed in return to the fauna of those islands. From hence, no doubt, Zonites arborens has passed into Cuba and Guadaloupe ; Zonites minuscuhis to Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico (Bermuda'?) ; Pupa fallax to Cuba; Vertigo ovata to Cuba; Zonites indentatus to San Domingo'? From the various sources indicated above, the southern extremity of Florida has become inhabited by about seventy species of land shells, a number small in comparison with those found in the Cumberland Sub- Region (see p. 33), but large when compared with those found in the great Interior Region. In addition to those species apparently originating in the peninsula of Florida and thence spreading over the whole Southern Region, there is found within its limits a number of species confined to the southwest- ern portion of the latter. These seem restricted to the southern part of Texas, which may be considered an offshoot of the Mexican fauna as shown by the presence of the genera characteristic of that country, such as Holospira, Bulimulus, and Gland ina. Within the region, however, are many species peculiar to it, but belonging to the genera charac- teristic of North America, such as Polygyra and Mesodon. It seems, therefore, best to consider Texas as belonging equally to the fauna of North America and of Mexico, being the point where the two overlap. As the limits of the region are ill defined, several species extralimital to the State of Texas are included in the following catalogue of the Texan Region : — Glandina Vanuxemensis. Polygyra triodontoidea. decussata. Mooreana. bullata. tholus. Texasiana. hippocrepia. Zonites significans. Jacksoni. caducus. Ariadne. Microphysa incrustata. vultuosa. Strobila Hubbardi. Mesodon divesta. Polygyra ventrosula. Roemeri. Hindsi. Dorcasia Berlandieriana, Texasiana. griseola. 1 Or from some extinct launa which also accounts for its presence at both points. 38 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Bulimulus patriarcha. Stenogyra octonoides. alternatus. Pupa pellucida. Schiedeanus. Succinea Haleana. Macroceramus Gossei. concordialia. Holospira Goldfussi. luteola. Roemeri. Salleana. Of the above PoJygyra Jachsoni and Zonites significans are included with great hesitation. They are found at Fort Gibson, in Indian Terri- tory. 1 They are more related to the fauna of the Cumberland Sub- Region than that of Texas. Besides the species characteristic of the North American fauna which Texas has as a portion of the Southern Region of the great Eastern Province, we find in the above list two species peculiar to it of the char- acteristic American subgenus Mesodon, — Roemeri and divesta. 2 Several species on the list have been introduced from other regions, 3 such as Strobila Hubbardi* a Jamaica species, as well as Macroceramus Gossei, a Cuban species, which is also found on the Florida Keys. Micro- physa incrustata from Cuba, as well as Pupa pellucida and Stenogyra octonoides. Of the remaining species on the list, sixteen have actually been found in Mexico ; probably all will be, as there seems no well-defined boun- dary here between the North American and Mexican fauna. Bulimulus serperastrus, Say, although actually found in Texas, is evi- dently a member of the Mexican fauna, and is therefore omitted from my list, though included in the descriptive portion of my work. The characteristic of Texas appears to be the great preponderance of the genus Polygyra, of the type of P. Texasiana, while the type of Flor- ida, the septemvolva, is almost wanting. The great abundance of indi- viduals is also remarkable, showing the Region to be peculiarly adapted 1 See Vol. I. 122, which gives the limits of the corresponding "Southern Interior Sec- tion " such as would include these species. Several of the species of East Tennessee, also, have been found in Arkansas, — a fact also favoring a wider limit to the Cumberland Sub- Region. 3 This species has not actually been found within the limits of the State of Texas, but in the neighboring State of Arkansas and in Mississippi. To it may be applied the re- marks on Zonites significans and Polygyra Jacksoni above. 8 Either by commerce, by oceanic currents, or from some former molluscous fauna of which these now isolated localities were offshoots. 4 Since the above was written, this species has been found by Dr. Newcomb near Sa- vannah, Georgia. It may therefore prove a widely distributed American species. In Jamaica it is kuown as H. Vendreysia?ia, Gloyne. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 39 to pulmonate life. In the number of its species, also, the Texas Region is favored ; by adding to the above list of peculiar species those which it has in common with all of the Eastern Province, and also those of the Southern Region, we find a total of seventy species, the same num- ber as found in Florida. On the accompanying map the Pacific Province is colored pink, the Central Province blue ; the Eastern Province (of which the northern portions are not shown) is uncolored. The subdivisions, or Regions, of the Eastern Province are also indicated by colored lines. The red line marks the division between the Northern and Interior Regions. From this line the last-named region extends (its Sub-Region of the Cumber- land shown by green lines) to the brown and yellow lines, which, taken together, mark the northern boundary of the Southern Region, the yel- low separately indicating the Texan Sub-Region, the brown the Floridan Sub-Region. In the above pages I have simply stated the facts now known regard- ing the actual distribution of our land shells, scarcely attempting to explain it. I will here venture to make a few suggestions on this sub- ject. The student of geographical distribution must now take as his guide the recently published work by Wallace on this subject. 1 From this he will learn that terrestrial mollusca of most of the recent genera have existed on the globe from very early geological times. Also, that, wherever originally appearing, their universal distribution over all the continents is easily explained. Thus we readily account for their pres- ence in North America, 2 and however imperfect may be the geological record, it shows us that at least Zonites, Pupa, Helix, Bulimulus, Vi- trina, Macrocyclis, and Clausilia existed here in previous geological ages. From these ancestors, no doubt, have been derived, through many intermediate stages of development, the present fauna. I have already shown that the characteristic American genera of the Eastern Province, 1 The Geographical Distribution of Animals, with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as elucidating the past Changes of the Earth's Surface. By Alfred Russell Wallace. Amer. ed. Harper and Brothers. New York. 1876. 2 In the following pages it will be seen that three well-established genera only — Hem- phillia, Prophysaon, and Ariolimax — are peculiar to our limits, excepting perhaps a few disintegrated Helix. 40 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, etc., were already established in post-pleiocene days. It is impossible to learn how much earlier they appeared, but of one significant fact we are certain, — .they are more recent than the elevation of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, for otherwise these chains would not form, as now, dividing lines between the eastern, central, and pacific fauna. There are, indeed, several small species which have passed these barriers, being found over all of North America. These same species are found equally distributed in Asia and Europe. They are undoubtedly of much earlier origin than the strictly American species, and belong to some extinct fauna of world-wide dis- tribution. The circumpolar connection of the three continents has fa- cilitated their distribution. In this connection it is worthy of note that one of our existing species, now confined to America (Strobila laby- rinthica), is said to have existed in France in Tertiary days. Our Southern Region has evidently been peopled from other fauna than that which supplied the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, etc., of the Interior Region. It was, no doubt, from some now extinct semi- tropical fauna that these came, but long enough ago to allow the Poly- gyras, Glandinas, etc. to be modified into species distinct from those which from the same common origin have become the equally well- established West Indian, Central American, and Mexican species. The Central Province has, from geological causes, been more recently peopled by pulmonata than the Eastern Province. Its local species are less numerous. Patula is its characteristic genus, with species so vary- ing and intermingling one with .the other that the student cannot refrain from noticing that they have the appearance of a species in a slightly advanced stage of evolution, each form not as yet established as distinct, easily recognized species. The Pacific Province, also, presents in its variable, scarcely distin- guishable Ariontas, a fauna of comparatively recent growth, but whence its origin it is difficult to say. 1 Finally, we have in the list of American land shells several species, purely local in their distribution, imported through the more or less direct agency of man. Of these, Pomatia aspersa was no doubt intro- duced as an article of food by foreign residents of Charleston, S. C, and seems to have established a hold there. 2 Zonites cellarius was intro- 1 See Dr. Cooper, as referred to on p. 18. '• I have been asked what authority I have for this opinion, so think it worthy of state- ment that Charleston specimens belonging to the cabinet of the late General Totten still THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 41 duced by foreign shipping, probably around water-casks. It is also well known to have been introduced into other countries. The Limaces are found around human habitations ; they seem to follow the English to all their colonies. The other foreign species mentioned on p. 36 have probably been introduced around the roots of plants, as have been other species which are from time to time sent me from greenhouses, gardens, etc. They are only local, except Tachea hortensis, which may have been accidentally introduced in some other manner, since the dis- covery of America by Europeans, and owes its present distribution in the Northeast to its being peculiarly adapted to colonization. I have elsewhere related my successful attempt to colonize the allied Tachea nemoralis. 1 III. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. In Volume II. my father paid great attention to the jaws and lingual membranes, figuring those of all the species which he could obtain. In continuing my father's labors on the same subject, I had described and figured those of many other species. Thus, in a certain sense, it could be said that a great deal was known of these organs in our land shells. Unfortunately, however, these figures and descriptions had become of comparatively little value when the study of this. subject had assumed such importance as of late. They did not give in sufficient detail the character of the individual teeth, however correct an idea they may have given of the general arrangement of the teeth upon the mem- brane. I was, therefore, induced to review the whole subject, and pre- sent it in a manner which would be of value as throwing light upon classification, in the Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, pp. 140-243. In their proper places under each genus and species will be found below the result of my re-examination of the subject. I will here repeat in full some general remarks on the organs treated of, and on their retain a strong odor of the garlic which seasoned them for the foreign palate. I have my- self had specimens given me by French residents of the town where I reside, who had bought them as food in Philadelphia. The species has also been imported into Havana, Rio Janeiro, St. Iago, Chili, and other ports as an article of food. I found numerous liv- ing specimens in St. Michael's churchyard in Charleston, S. C, in 1875, and in 1871 Pro- fessor Featherman sent me specimens from Baton Rouge. 1 See below, under T. hortensis, in the descriptive portion of the work. 42 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. value for the purpose of classification, and on the bibliography of the Bubject. In rewriting this article for the present volume, I have con- sidered it best to redraw all the figures for the sake of greater accuracy, as well as artistic merit. General Remarks. As many of my readers are quite unfamiliar with the subject, espe- cially most of those who have so largely contributed specimens for ex- amination, I will describe in detail the position of the organs and th* 3 method adopted for their study. On holding up against the light an individual of Mesodon thyroides in one hand, and offering to him with the other some food (a piece of lettuce or carrot is always acceptable), one can readily see with the naked eye the two organs here treated of. Above the external opening of the mouth, through the tranparent tissue of the head, is seen a small, arched, reddish, free instrument, which appears to rise and fall as if used in cutting off morsels of food. This is the jaiv. On the floor of the mouth is the lingual membrane, occupying about the position of the human tongue. Its color is too nearly the same as that of the head to afford any strong contrast, but, with close atten- tion, it will be detected by its glistening silvery appearance, as it works backward and forward. Its use seems to be to rasp the food and also to force it back into the oesophagus. More detailed description, fully illustrated by figures, of the position of these two organs, will be found in the chapters on Special Anatomy in Volume I. (See also below, Chapter IV.) Method op Extraction. On opening the head of Mesodon thyroides from above, one readily notices at the extreme anterior part, close against the outer integument, a prominent oval body. 1 This is called the buccal mass. It is easily cut away from the animal, and will be found to contain both jaw and lingual membrane. These can be removed by fine scissors or knives from the buccal mass in the larger species, but in the smaller species the method usually employed is putting the whole buccal mass in a 1 I must earnestly beg my readers to be deterred from this examination by no imagi- nary difficulties. It is the simplest and easiest process. Indeed, the same may be said of examination of the complete anatomy. All that is required is to carry it on under water. The various organs are then readily separated. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 43 watch crystal full of a strong solution of caustic potash. Allowing it to remain for several hours, the potash will destroy all of the buccal mass, and leave the jaw and lingual membrane perfectly clean and ready for examination. They remain attached, if the solution is not too strong, showing a connection between the two. They must be well rinsed in clean water, in another watch crystal, before examination. Another more expeditious process is to place the whole buccal mass in a test-tube, with the solution of potash, and boil it for a few seconds over a spirit lamp. Pouring the contents of the test-tube into a watch crystal, the lingual membrane attached to the jaw will be readily seen by a pocket lens. If the species be very small, as Patula striatella for instance, its whole body may be thrown into the solution. Still more minute species, as Zonites milium for instance, may be treated in this way : crush the whole shell between two glass slides, wash away the particles of the broken shell in a few drops of water, still keeping the body of the animal on the slide ; when clean, drop on it the caustic potash and boil it by holding the slide itself over the spirit lamp. On Mounting. For the purpose of examination, the jaw and lingual membrane may be simply mounted in water and covered with thin glass. One must be sure to spread out the lingual membrane, not have its upper side down, and it will be well to cut it transversely in several places, as the teeth are beautifully shown, and often stand detached, on the edges of the cut. For preservation for future study 1 hesitate to recommend any process, as I know of none which has been tried for a sufficiently long time. I have myself lost many specimens by imperfect mounting. Canada balsam, formerly used, ruins the membrane by rendering it too transparent. The glycerine mounting fluids, now in use, certainly pre- serve a membrane for several years, but they have not been tried many years, and have the great disadvantage of deliquescing in warm weather. On the Jaw. The jaw and lingual membrane, having been mounted, must now be examined under the microscope. The jaw will be found to vary greatly in its characters in the different genera. It is either in one single piece ; in one single piece with an 44 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. accessory quadrate piece attached to its upper margin ; or in separate, detached pieces, free on their lower edges, usually soldered together into one single piece ahove. It differs also in being with or without a median beak-like projection to its cutting edge ; also in its ends being more or less acuminated; but still more by the presence or absence of striae or rib-like processes on its anterior surface. When present, the ribs are found in every degree of development, passing quite across the jaw and denticulating one or both margins, or only developed on the lower portion of the jaw, and crenellating the lower margin. The ribs are often almost obsolete, or represented by wrinkles or coarse stria?. They are present on the anterior surface of the jaw only, or on both anterior and posterior surfaces. They are distant, narrow, stout, few ; or crowded, broad, stout, and numerous. Their number is within certain limits inconstant in the same species. They sometimes are very broad, and seem like separate plates soldered to the anterior surface of the jaw, or to be formed by a folding of the jaw upon itself. When this appearance of folding into plates is given, it will generally be found that the plait-like sections are actually separated by distinct, but deli- cate ribs. When this form of ribs is found, they are either vertical or inclined obliquely towards the median line of the jaw. Sometimes this last arrangement is developed to such a degree that the delicate ribs meet before reaching the bottom of the jaw, and a triangular compart- ment is left at the upper centre of the jaw, its base being upward. This form of jaw is usually thin and membranous. When the jaw is striated and not ribbed, the striae are vertical, or they converge towards the median line. There are often transverse striae also, and transverse lines of reinforcement. The upper margin of the jaw is often extended into a stout membra- nous attachment, apparently of the same material and consistency as the jaw itself, and showing the same continuity of structure by the striae of the jaw extending into it without interruption. This is not the accessory quadrate plate mentioned above. The jaw is found in every degree of consistency, from very thick to quite membranous and almost transparent. The cutting margin of the jaw is smooth, crenellated, or denticulated. It is simply concave, or furnished with a more or less developed beak- like median projection. In shape the jaw ranges from scarcely arcuate, long, low, to horse- shoe-shaped, short, high. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 45 It will be seen below that these peculiarities of the jaw, taken in con- nection with the characters of the lingual membrane, have till now appeared to furnish reliable characters for classification. It must be confessed, however, that exceptions to the usual constancy of characters have been noticed in some genera ; sometimes the difference between striae and ribs is difficult to determine ; sometimes the beak-like promi- nence is greatly modified by a simple median projection. In some genera, for instance Dentellaria, the character of the jaw is not generic. The Lingual Membrane. In placing the lingual membrane under the microscope, we at once perceive that it is (at least in most of our genera) a long, 1 narrow, ribbon-like organ, whose whole surface is covered with numerous small tooth-like processes, whose reflected apices are pointed, the points directed towards the oesophagus, to which, as stated above, they serve to move the food, as well as to perform a rasp-like mastication. These teeth are arranged in two series of rows, one running longitudinally, the other transversely. On careful examination it will be seen that all the teeth of each successive longitudinal row are of the same form, 2 but that there are several types of teeth in the different parts of each trans- verse row. Three of these types are found, the central tooth, the teeth on either side of the central, called laterals, and the teeth extending from the laterals to the outer margins of the membrane, called marginals. The change from the single central to the laterals is usually abrupt, but from the laterals to the marginals it is usually gradual, so that there are several teeth intermediate between the two, which may be called transition teeth. The transverse rows of teeth are similar on each side of the cen- tral tooth, so that it is necessary to figure only one half of one trans- verse row, with its central tooth, to give an idea of the whole transverse 1 It is very broad in Orthalicus, Liguus (see PI. XVI.), some subgenera of Acha- tinelkt, some Bulimuli, etc. ; in some subgenera of Cylindrella it is very narrow. On this same plate I have given figures of the membranes of the various genera, with a line showing the direction of one transverse line of teeth. a Even in case of malformation this holds true. I have often found a misshapen, or otherwise abnormal tooth, repeated down the whole length of the membrane, or even that a tooth may be entirely wanting in its whole length. Fig. 2. Two transverse rows of teeth of Strobila labyrinthica. 46 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. One half of two transverse rows of teeth of Sten. hirsutum. row, or, indeed, of the whole membrane, as all the longitudinal rows, as stated above, have similar teeth. (See Fig. 3.) These transverse rows differ in the various genera as to their direc- Pig. 3. tion, either straight, ob- lique, or curving, or a combination of these di- rections. Of the three types of teeth, central, lateral, and marginal, one or more may be wanting. Their number, however, is approximately constant in different individ- uals of the same species, so that, as a specific character, the count of the teeth on one transverse row is usually given; thus in Zonites inornatus I find about 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, that is, 23 teeth on each side of the central tooth, making 47 teeth in the entire transverse row. The characters of the individual teeth vary greatly in the various genera, especially in some of the genera foreign to our limits. In most cases, however, there are two distinct types of teeth, the quadrate and aculeate. The former is shown in my figure (Fig. 4). a, b, c, d, is the portion of the tooth which rests upon the membrane ; I have called it the base of attachment. It varies in its proportional length, and in the greater or less expansion of the lower 1 lateral angles. The upper margin of this base of attachment is broadly reflected ; e marks the reflected portion, which I term the reflection. It is usually tri- cuspid, the median cusp h being much longer than the side cusps ff. These last are sub-obsolete in some species. All the cusps are in most Fig. 4. cases surmounted by distinct cutting points; 2 t i is the median cutting point, g g the side cut- ting points. These cutting points are not always present on the side cusps, and, even when pres- ent, are sometimes not readily detected. In- deed, this is the most difficult point of study of Central tooth of Stropkia in- cana. the whole membrane. The cusps and cutting points vary in development in the various species, and somewhat so in different portions of the same membrane. It must also be borne in mind, while studying my figures of the teeth, that the median cutting 1 I use the term upper and loioer to describe the figure I give of the base of attachment. More properly I should say anterior and posterior, to describe their position on the mem- brane, in reference to the head of the moving animal. 2 The cutting points are shaded in my figures. THE JAW AND LIXGUAL MEMBRANE. 47 point is flat on its lower surface, that is, the surface nearer the base of attachment, but from thence it first rises and expands greatly at its sides, and then gradually decreases in size as it still rises Fig 5 and arches over the top. Thus under the microscope there are two planes prominently seen by changing the focus of the instrument, the plane of the lowest portion of the cut- ting point, and the plane of its greatest expansion. In Fig. 5 the former is shown by dotted lines, the latter by the continuous line. In my illustrations the former alone is given. I regret not having shown both as done by Sem- per in Phil. Archip. 1. c, especially as the plane of the yj rs t7 atera i f z. greatest expansion often shows a lateral bulging represent- M^nosus. ing the side cutting points in species deprived of distinct side cutting points. The median cutting point seen on the plane of its greatest expansion, as in my figure, appears to spring from the median cusp itself, as if it were not distinct from it. A great deal has still to be done in eluci- dating the true character of cusp and cutting point. The other type of tooth, which I call aculeate (see Glandina), differs in not having a quadrate base of attachment, but usually one of a somewhat soledike form. Its upper margin is not reflected, but from its whole surface springs a single large cutting point, usually thorn- shaped, but sometimes more spine-shaped. The apex of the cutting point is sometimes bifid, or even trifid, even in the>same genus. Of these two types, quadrate and aculeate are all the teeth now known. Of the quadrate type many and dissimilar forms are known, but all have the quadrate base of attachment. The characteristics of central, lateral, and marginal teeth are given under each genus or subgenus. Ox Classification. The characters of the jaw, combined with those of the lingual mem- brane, furnish reliable bases of classification. They have been consid- ered of various weight by different writers. I here propose to treat them as guides only to the greater division of the Pulmonata. 1 In grouping the genera it will be necessary to include all, both native and foreign to America, in order to properly appreciate the value of this arrangement. 1 I must not be understood to propose a system of classification. I merely place the genera into certain groups, independent of their divisions into families. 48 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Taking, therefore, the whole series of known Pulmonata Geophila, the first grand division is based on the absence or presence of a jaw. Of the former are the following : Testacella, 1 Daudebardia? Streptaxis,' Rhytida* Diplomphalus, 6 Strebelia? 6 Glanduici," 1 Petenia? 8 Spiraxis? 9 Streptostyla, 10 Ravenia? 11 Strepstostele™ Cceliaxis? 19 Gonospira, 1 * Gib- bus? 16 Ennea, u Vaginulus." All the above have aculeate marginal teeth ; the lateral teeth are always absent ; the centrals in some of the genera. The following genera have quadrate marginal teeth : Onchidium, 1 * Peronia, 19 Buckanania? 20 The second grand division contains those genera having a jaw. In this division also we find some genera with aculeate, and some with quadrate, marginal teeth. Of the former are : Limax, 21 Ibycus, 22 Parmacella 2 * Tennentia, 2 * Mctri- ella? 26 Parmarion™ Dendrolimax,"" Phosjyhoraxl 28 Urocyclus? 29 (I know nothing of the position of Othelosoma, Aspidortis, and other problemati- 1 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. X. PI. II. Fig. 5. 2 Goldfuss, verh. Naturh. Vereins der preuss. Rheinl. und Westphalens, 13th year, 1856, PI. VI. Fig. c. c«.' s Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. XV. PI. IV. Fig. 2. * Semper, Nachr. der deut. Malak. Gesellschaft II. 102. 6 Fischer and Crosse, Journ. de Conch., XXI. 21, PI. III. Fig. 8. • Jaw and dentition unknown. 7 See this work. 8 Jaw and dentition not actually known. 9 Jaw and dentition not actually known ; as restricted, the genus may be more correctly placed near Stenogyra. io Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., p. 16, PI. IV. Fig. 2. 11 Jaw and dentition not actually known. 12 Heynemann, Nachr. mal. Gesel. I. 20, 177, Fig. 5. 18 Jaw and dentition not actually known. 1* Bland and Binney, Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 37, PI. XI. Fig. 1, photographed. 16 No doubt like the last. 16 Heynemann, Nach. Mal., Gesel. I. 20, 177, PI. XX. Figs. 3, 4. " See Stolicska, Q. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, n. s. XLII. Pt. II. p. 33-37- The name Vaginulus is restricted by him to the agnathous species, while Veronicella includes those furnished with a jaw. 18 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. p. 340, PI. XVI. Figs. 3-5. " Quoy, Voy. de l'Astrolabe, PI. XII. 20 Jaw and lingual unknown. 21 See this work. 22 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. X. 142, PI. I. Fig. 3. 23 Semper, Phil. Archipell., 90. 24 Semper, 1. c. 1, PI. VI. Fig. 17. 26 ib. 12. e lb. 9, PI. VI. Fig. 16. 27 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. XV. PI. I. Fig. 1. 28 Jaw and tongue not known. 29 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. 1866, 70, PI. XI. as Parmarion flavesceus. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 49 cal genera.) Vitrina, 1 Vitrinoidea 2 Vitrinopsis 8 Nantna* and all the genera now recognized in its disintegration, fyenopus, 6 Vitrinoconus? Macrocyclis," 1 Zonites. 8 The following genera have quadrate marginal teeth. They may be readily grouped by the character of their jaw, which is either in one single piece (^1), in one single piece with an accessory upper quadrate piece (B), or in numerous pieces (C). A. Those whose jaw is in one single piece may again be subdivided into several groups based on the absence, presence, and peculiarities of the ribs on their jaw. This division, however, is unsatisfactory, as these characters are not always well marked. (a) Jaw without ribs: Philomycus, 9 Parmella? 10 Oopelta, 11 Sagda, 12 Patida, 13 Polymita, u Hemitrochus, 15 Helicodiscus,™ Onchidella? 1 Acavus, Corilla, Caryodes, Panda, Labyrinthus, Caracollus, 18 Leucochroa, 19 Cysti- copsis? 20 Plagioptycha,* 1 Leptoloma 22 Anostoma 28 Anostomella? 2 * Tomigerusl Boysia ? Plectostoma ? Hypselostoma ? 26 Achatinella, 26 Clatisilia ,"" Steno- gyra, 2S Strophia-,* 9 Buliminus, 80 Balea 81 Pupa 82 Vertigo, 88 Ferussacia, u Ccecilianella, 85 Geostilbia? Azeca ? Tomatella? 8 * Zospeum? 81 Holospira, 88 i See this work. 2 Semper, 1. c. 85, PI. IX. Fig. 33. s Ibid. 86, PI. XI. Fig. 26. 4 Ibid. 6 Blan.l, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., VIII. 158, Fig. e Semper, 1. c. 91, PI. XI. Fig. 27. 7 See this work. 8 See this work. * 9 See this work. 10 Jaw and lingual dentition unknown, u Heynemann, Malak. Blatt., XIV. PI. I. 2. 12 Bland and Binney, Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 177. 18 See this work. " Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 341, PI. XVI. Fig. 1. 1 5 See this work. 1 6 See this work. 1 7 See this work. i 8 See Semper, 1. c. No doubt other genera of disintegrated Helix will be found to be grouped here. I propose at present to remove from Helix all the species not having ribs upon their jaw. 19 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y, X. 220. 20 Ibid., IX. 21 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1874, 56. 22 ibid. 58. 23 Journ. de Conch., XIX. 261, PI. XL Fig. 4. 24 Jaw and dentition unknown. 25 Jaw and dentition unknown. 26 Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y, X. 335, PI. XV. Figs. 6, 7. 27 Troschel, Moquin-Tandon, Lehmann, etc. 28 See this work. M See this work. 80 But some species have ribs. See Moquin-Tandon, Lehmann, etc. 81 Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., PI. XXV. Fig. 6. 82 See this work. »3 gee this work. 84 See this work. 85 See this work. 86 Unknown. 87 Heynemann, Mai. Bl., X. PI. III. Fig. 14. Jaw unknown. 38 See this work. 50 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Eucalodium, 1 Coelocentrum, 2 Lithotis, 8 Rhodea, Megaspira* Limicola- ria, 5 but one species ha§ a ribbed jaw, Achatina, 6 Pseud achat ina ? Peri- deris? Columna V Bulimics as now constituted has various forms of jaw. (6) Jaw with decided stout ribs : Anadenus 8 Arion, Ariolimax, Pro- physaon, Pallifera, Veronicella, Binneya, Heviphillia, the genera of dis- integrated Helix, 9 Geomolacus, 10 Letournexia, 11 Peltella, 1 ' 2 Xanthoyiyx, 18 Simpidopsis, u Pfeifferia,™ Berendtia, 16 Carelia^ 1 and, as stated above, some species now included in Bulimus, Coehlostyla, Buliminus, Limi- colaria. (c) Jaw with separate, delicate ribs, usually running obliquely to- wards the centre : Gratis, 18 Amphibulima, 19 Bulimulus, C ' ylindrella, Ma- croceramus™ Pineria, 21 Partula. 22 B. The genera whose jaw is in one piece with an accessory quadrate piece are Siuccinea, 28 Omalonyx 2i Hyalimax™ Athoracophorus. 26 0. The genera whose jaw is in separate pieces are Orthalicus, Liguus, and Punctum, 21 I have arranged the American genera in the same manner in the follow ng pages. 1 See Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1870, PL V. Fig. 1. 2 Jaw and dentition unknown. 3 Binney, Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1874, PI. V. Fig. 3. * Jaw and dentition unknown. 6 Bland and Binney, Amer. Jour. Conch., VII. 181. « Von Martens, ed. 2, p. 201. 1 Jaw and dentition unknown. 8 Heynemann, Malak. Blatt., X. 138, PI. I. Fig. 1. 9 See this work. io Bland and Binney, Ann. of Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., X. 309, Fig. " Bourgignat, Moll. nouv. et lit., VII. 201, PI. XXXIV. Figs. 1-7. 12 Jaw apparently rihbed in Ferussac's figure, PI. VII. A. 18 Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., PI. IX. Figs. 15. lfi 14 Shuttleworth, Diag., No. 6, p. 147, 16 Morch, Journ. de Conch., 1865, 385. 16 Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 1870, PI. V. Figs. 11, 12. » Binney, Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1876, p. 185. 18 Blandand Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., Vol. X. PI. XL Figs. 1, 5-7. 19 Proc. Phila. Ac. N. Sc. 1874, PI. VIII. Figs. 2, 5, 6. Pellicula is a synonyme of this. 20 See this work. 21 Bland and Binney, Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., X. 22. 22 Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.. XL 45. 28 See this work. 24 Malak. Blatt., X. PI. IV. Yiz. 5, a. 26 Fischer and Crosse, Journ. de Conch., XV. 218, PI. X. Figs. 5, 7. 26 Bergh, verh. kais. koenig. zoolog. botan. Gesell. in Wien., XX. 844, PI. XII. Figs. 2, 4, 5. 27 See this work. THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBRANE. 51 Bibliography. The principal works on lingual dentition referred to are : — Lf.tdy in Binney's Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States. "Boston, 1851, Little & Brown. The wood-cuts of lingual mem- branes are misplaced in the text. See the list, Vol. II. p. 358. Binney and Bland. Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America. Part I. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions. Washington, 1869. Morse in Journal of the Portland Society of Natural History, 1864. Moqutn-Tandon. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France. Paris, 1855. Fischer et Crosse. Etudes sur les Mollusques Terrestres et fluvia- tiles du Mexique et l'Amerique Centrale. Paris, 1874. Lehmann. Die lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der Umgegend Stettins und in Pommern. Cassel, 1873. Goldfuss. Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in der Rheinprovinz und West- phalen beobachteten Land- und Wasser-Mollusken, nebst kurzen Be- merkungen uber deren Zungen, Kiefer, und Liebespfeile. Von Ver- handlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande \md Westphalens. 13 Jahrgang. Bonn, 1856. Semper. Landmollusken. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Wiesbaden, 1873. Heynemann. Einige Mittheilungen uber Schneckenzungen, mit be- sonderer Beachtung der Gattung Limax. Von Malako-zoologische Blat- ter, X. 1862. Von Martens.. Die Heliceen von Joh. Christ. Albers. Zweite Ausgabe. Leipzig, 1860. These are the principal works referred to. The references to shorter papers in various periodicals will easily be understood. Om the Illustrations of Dentition. I endeavored in the paper already referred to, and in my subsequent papers, to give a good view of the central, lateral, and marginal teeth of each species, with the transition teeth of many of the species. The portion of the membrane chosen is different in the various species of each genus or subgenus, in order that the variations in the form and de velopment of cusps and cutting points may be shown. Thus in some figures I have selected the part of the membrane where the marginal teeth have a verv blunt cusp, while in others they are shown much 52 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. more graceful. It must constantly be borne in mind that on any one membrane the teeth vary considerably in regard to this point. In illustrating the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual membrane, I have used the wood-cuts in the text prepared for my former works and papers, mostly by Mr. Morse, and a few by Dr. Leidy, prepared for my father's work. It must be remembered that these figures do not represent correctly the characters of the individual teeth. I have also used in the text figures of the 'jaws of many genera and subgenera, prepared for the Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America, Part I. The jaws of the more recently described genera and subgenera I have myself illustrated from drawings by camera lucida. 'On the Value of the Jaw and Lingual Membrane for the Purpose of Classification. It is conceded by all recent students of land shells that for the larger divisions the presence or absence of a jaw and the aculeate or quadrate form of marginal teeth are reliable characters. The characters of the jaw and separate teeth of the lingual membrane have also been used in various ways for grouping the genera into fami- lies, etc., and even of grouping species into genera. I refrain from any discussion of their value for such purposes, simply because I believe our material is far too limited. It seems as if I can better employ my time in patiently accumulating new facts. I can, however, venture to say that the character of the jaw and teeth seems to be more constant in some genera than in others. It appears, for instance, that in some genera the presence or absence of lateral teeth is not a generic character, though in others it is. The same may be said of the presence or ab- sence of side cutting points to the centrals and laterals, and the greater or less development of their side cusps ; also in the bifurcation or non- bifurcation of the cutting point of aculeate marginal teeth ; also as to the presence or absence of ribs on the jaw. It will, I believe, be proved that certain genera are constantly char- acterized by a peculiar form of teeth, while others have a considerable range of variation. I might, perhaps, add that when the genus is numerous in species, there is a much greater chance of finding a varying dentition. If this latter proves true, we shall be obliged to concede that there are certain types of teeth which may be found among species of some of the larger genera, though some of the smaller genera are SPECIAL ANATOMY. 53 much more, if not absolutely, restricted to one single type of dentition. I do not venture any further deductions at this time. I will add that all the figures of dentition in the plates have been drawn by my own hand from the microscope itself, with the aid of the camera lucida. IV. SPECIAL ANATOMY The following pages are reproduced from the treatise on the subject by Dr. Leidy prepared for Volume I. I have added notes on the more recently discovered genera. General Kemarks upon the Exterior Form and Structure of the Terrestrial Naked Gasteropoda. Upon examining a Limax or an Avion, we find it composed of a thick, vermiform body, with a broad, ribbon-like, pedal disk, running the whole length of its inferior surface. The anterior obtuse extremity forms the head ; and from it protrude two retractile tentacula, and two retractile eye-peduncles, upon the outer side of the tip of the two latter of which is placed the eye. The mouth is situated at the anteroinfe- rior part of the head ; and immediately below it is a deep depression or blind sac. The posterior part of the body forms the tail, and is acute. Upon the antero-superior part of the body is placed the mantle, which covers the pulmonary chamber, and contains within it a rudi- mentary, laminar, calcareous testa or a congregation of calcareous grains. In other genera these are wanting. The anterior part of the mantle is free and movable, and the head, indirectly through the retractor muscle of the buccal body, is capable of being retracted be- neath it. On the right edge of the mantle the pulmonary orifice exists ; and at the posterior side of the latter the anal aperture is placed. Upon the right side of the head, a short distance posterior to the eye-peduncles of that side, the genital orifice is situated. The body has two distinct cavities, — the pulmonary chamber, containing a vas- cular network upon its surface, the heart, the renal organ, and the rec- tum ; and the visceral cavity, separated from the former by a muscular 54 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. partition, containing the digestive and generative apparatus and the nervous centres. Ariolimax and Prophysaon have the same general arrangement as Limax and Arion. Hernphillia is distinguished by having its shelly plate external, its edge lightly imbedded in the mantle. In Tebennojyhorus and Pallifera the mantle covers the whole upper surface of the body, and encloses no testaceous rudiment. Its anterior edge is unattached, and the head is retractile beneath it. The pulmo- nary chamber is placed beneath the anterior part of it ; and the muscu- lar membrane, bounding the visceral cavity in a great part of its extent, is but loosely attached to the outer integument. In Veronicella the body appears broad from the mantle, which en- closes the whole body except the comparatively narrow pedal disk, form- tig a lateral, angular projection as it is inflected inferiorly to the margin of the pedal disk. In transverse section it is semi-elliptical. The man- tle contains no testaceous rudiment. The head can be but slightly protruded. The tentacles are bifid. The respiratory orifice is situated on the right side of the tail, between it and the extremity of the pedal disk. The anal aperture opens at the posterior margin of the latter orifice. The generative apparatus has two distinct external apertures, distant from each other. The male genital orifice is placed just beneath the mouth, between it and the blind sac, inclining to the right. The female orifice is situated upon the inferior part of the left side of the mantle, midway between the head and tail. As usual, the body has two cavities, of which the pulmonary occupies a position at the right posterior part, beneath the mantle, and extending backwards on the right to the tail. Onchidium has a similar arrangement to Veronicella, but has no ten- tacles. General Remarks on the Terrestrial Testaceous Gasteropoda. A testaceous gasteropod resembles a slug with the greater portion of the viscera squeezed out upon the back, and arranged in a turbinate manner. The turbinate mass is always an exact mould of the testa- ceous covering of the animal ; its length in the spiral direction holds no proportion with that of the foot, or that part of the body which the animal protrudes from the shell, and differs very much, not only in dif- ferent genera, but also in different species of the same genus. With an increase in length a proportionate decrease in breadth is observable, SPECIAL ANATOMY. 55 and vice versa. In Cylindrella it reaches its maximum length and nar- rowness ; in Succinea it has the minimum length, and the greatest pro- portionate breadth. When the foot is protruded from the shell, every part of the exterior surface of the turbinated mass is still in contact with the interior surface of the latter, and is retained so by means of the comparatively capacious pulmonary chamber. When the' foot is retracted, it is at the expense of the latter cavity • so that the pulmo- nary chamber of the testaceous genera is as much larger than that of the naked genera as the size of the foot superadded, whilst the extent of the pulmonary network of blood-vessels remains the same. The testacea have a muscle which is peculiar, namely, the retractor- muscle of the foot, which has its origin, in common with the retractors of the eye-peduncles and buccal body, from the columella of the shell. Narrow at its commencement, it increases in breadth, splits into several bands, and diverges as it descends to get its insertion into the whole of the inner margin of the excavation of the foot, excepting anteriorly, where its place is occupied by the retractor of the buccal body. The head occupies the anterior portion of the foot, and in Helix, JJu- limus, Pupa, and Succinea, etc., offers nothing peculiar from that of Limax. In Glandina a third pair of tentacular appendages exists. These are non-retractile, auriculate in form, and originate just postero- inferiorly to the base of the inferior, retractile tentacles, and project horizontally backward. The body of the testacea, like that of slugs, has two great cavities. The visceral cavity includes the greater part of the turbinated mass and the excavation of the foot. The pulmonary chamber occupies a position on the outer side of the lower one to three whorls of the turbi- nated mass. The collar apparently takes the place of the mantle in slugs. In all the genera it is attached around the base of the turbi- nated mass, and is perforated on the right side by the pulmonary orifice. On the outer border of the latter the anal aperture is placed. As in slugs, the genital orifice is situated on the right side of the head, more or less posterior to the eye-peduncles in the respective genera. On the Tegumentary Covering of the Terrestrial Gasteropoda. Besides a testa capable of enclosing the whole body, which most of the terrestrial Gasteropoda possess, they have a thick envelope, com- posed of mucous and muscular membrane. The exterior, highly irri- 16 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. table, and contractile investment consists of an actively secreting mucous membrane (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 1) with a substratum of interlaced muscular fibres (2). In the naked genera it is pretty uniformly developed Fig. 5. Fig. 5 is a diagram representing the disposition of the coverings of the body in Limax and Arion. 1, mucous lamina; ", muscular substratum; 3, muscular peritoneum ; h, Tisceral cavity ; 5, rudiment- ary testa; 6, pulmonary chamber. throughout, but is thickest upon the pedal disk, the tail, and the upper surface of the mantle, and thinnest upon the head, eye-peduncles, and reflected border of the mantle. Fig. 6. Fig. 6, disposition of the tegumeuta in Tehennophorus. 1, mucous lamina; 2, muscular lamina; S, peritoneum ; 4, visceral cavity ; 5, pulmonary chamber ; 0, interval between the two muscular layers. In the testaceous genera, upon the part of the body corresponding to the interior of the shell, it appears as if the mucous layer had been pushed downwards to form the collar (Fig. 7, 1*); but it may be still traced over the surface of the turbinated portion, as a delicate, tessel- lated epithelium. The mucous glands are very numerous in the mucous layer; its epithelial cells are flattened, from three to six sided, granular, and with large, round nuclei. The muscular substratum (Figs. 5, G, 7, 2) of the mucous lamina is composed of unstriped fibres, arranged transversely, obliquely, and lon- gitudinally. It is inflected outwards beneath the mantle, in Limax and Arion, to form the outer parietes of the pulmonary chamber. Between SPECIAL ANATOMY. 57 this portion and the mucous layer is placed the rudimentary testa (Fig. 5, 6). In Tebennophorus it is inflected inwards (Fig. G, 5) be- neath the anterior portion of the mantle, to form the parietes of the pulmonary cavity. Its transverse fibres predominate within the eve- peduncles, its longitudinal fibres, in the exterior pulmonary parietes of Fig. 7. Fig. 7, disposition of the tegumenta in Helix, Eulimus, etc. The references are the samo as in Figs. 6 and G, except 1*, which is the collar. the testaceous genera, and especially accumulate on the outside of and parallel to the rectum, so as to serve as an efficient agent in the retraction of the collar, and an aid in the expulsion of matters from the rectum. Interior to the musculo-mucous investment of the body is a second covering (Figs. 5, G, 7, S), which may be considered as a sort of perito- neum. It is a muscular membrane, and encloses the digestive and generative apparatus. It is usually pretty closely attached to the outer tegument, except in Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, in which the two are separated in all parts of the body, except above the pedal disk, where they are firmly blended together, as in all Gasteropoda. It forms the partition or diaphragm between the visceral and pulmonary cavities. This membrane is composed of transverse and longitudinal, unstriped, nuclear fibres, and is the origin of the especial retractor muscles of different organs. Of the Digestive Apparatus. Limax. The orifice of the mouth is bounded by a pair of contractile lips, is situated at the anterior part of the head, and opens into the cavity of the buccal body. When the latter is retracted by its peculiar muscle, the oral orifice becomes lengthened into a canal by the inversion of a portion of the external integument. The buccal body is an irregularly oval-shaped, muscular organ, re- 58 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. sembling in appearance a gizzard, and contains within it the mastica- tory apparatus. Just within the upper lip, attached to the entrance of the buccal body, is the dental plate or jaw, — a crescentic,. corneous lamina, used for cutting the food. Its anterior face is convex, and presents several vertical ridges. Into its upper convex edge a band of muscular fibres is inserted, by the contraction of which the inferior, concave, cutting edge is advanced beyond the line of the upper. The middle of the cutting edge is extended into a short, conical beak. This jaw is brought into view when the animal is eating, by the advance- ment of the buccal body. The floor of the cavity is occupied with a gouge-shaped, muscular tongue, 1 the tip and upper surface of which are free, and are covered by a corneous lamina studded with a great num- ber of conical dentures, with the points projecting backwards, arranged in transverse rows. These teeth preserve the same form in the lines from before backwards ; the central line always differs from the others, and the teeth also vary gradually in form and size as they pass off from the central line laterally. They also vary slightly in form in different species. This lamina protrudes from the buccal body pos- teriorly, into a short, rounded, protuberant, blind sac, within which it appears to undergo a constant growth, as it is worn away by at- trition anteriorly ; for its use appears not only to facilitate the pas- sage of the food onwards to the oesophagus, but also to act as a sort of rasp for triturating it, by means of the powerful muscles composing the buccal body. Into the posterior, inferior part of the buccal body, below the blind sac of the lingual lamina, is inserted, in a transverse, curved line, its retractor muscle. This muscle has its origin, in common with the retractors of the eye-peduncles, from the muscular investment of the visceral cavity, posterior to the pulmonary cavity, and to the right of the rectum. The oesophagus proceeds from the upper, posterior part of the buccal body backward to the stomach. It is short, and dilates gradually into the latter. The stomach is a capacious, membranous receptacle, when extended being two thirds the length of the animal. In L. flavus and L. agrestis, anteriorly it is dilated, and elongated-oval in form, posteriorly it is in- testiuiform. In L. campestris, it is nearly uniformly cylindrical through- out. Where the stomach terminates in the small intestine, it makes a turn forward with the latter, producing, in L. flavus and L. campestris, 1 See above, p. 45. SPECIAL ANATOMY. 59 a sort of cul-de-sac posteriorly. Into the angle formed by the stomach and intestine, on each side, opens a biliary duct, which in L. agrestis, however, is more removed toward the small intestines. The intestine forms a single convolution among the lobes of the liver, and then passes obliquely forward from the left to the right side, to join the rectum. It is capacious, and pretty uniformly cylindrical throughout. About the middle of the oblique portion going to join the rectum, in L. agrestis, opens a short, cylindrical cul-de-sac. In L. fiavus the intes- tine, upon reaching the retractor muscles of the buccal body and eye- peduncles, winds around their origin, turns backward a short distance, and then again forward to the rectum, producing in this way a sigmoid flexure. From the termination of the latter in the straight portion, there proceeds backward ns far as the termination of the visceral mass, a long, cylindrical cul-de-sac. The rectum is short and straight, and penetrates into the pulmonary cavity, upon the right side of which it proceeds to the pulmonary ori- fice, at which it terminates by the anal aperture. The salivary glands are two in number, flat, oval or irregular in out- line, of a grayish-pink hue, and are situated upon the anterior parietes of the stomach. They are composed of several lobuli, which are con- glomerated. From each gland proceeds a duct, along the oesophagus to the buccal body, into which they open on each side of the entrance of the oesophagus. In L. campestris the two glands are conjoined, so as to form a collar around the commencement of the stomach. The liver, by far the largest viscus in the body, occupies a position at the posterior part of the latter. It is of a brownish color, and consists of two principal lobes, an anterior and a posterior, which are further divided, the anterior into three or four, and the posterior into two lobes. Each lobe is composed of a number of lobuli held together by blood- vessels. From the convergence of branches, an hepatic duct is formed for each principal lobe, which opens in the side of the angle formed at the termination of the stomach in the intestine. The posterior cul-de- sac of the stomach usually contains some bile, which is a thin, glairy, drab-colored fluid. Arion. The digestive apparatus offers but little peculiarity from that of Limax. The retractor muscle of the buccal body is not so strong, and is divided into two lateral bands. The oesophagus is narrower and longer. In the form of the stomach and absence of a cul-de-sac to 60 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. the small intestine, it resembles Limax campestris. The rectum, in its course to the pulmonary orifice, perforates the renal organ. Tebbnnophorus. The buccal body has a conspicuous curve down- wards, and the buccal pouch of the lingual lamina is longer than in Limax or Avion, and curves upwards from the postero-inferior part of the buccal body. The retractor muscle of the latter is split into two bands as in Avion, but one stronger. There are also two small retrac- tor muscles to the lower lip. The oesophagus is comparatively long. The stomach is cylindrical and sacculated, and, posteriorly with the small intestine, forms a wide cul-de-sac. The small intestine is like that of L. campestris and Avion. The salivary glands occupy a position on each side of the oesophagus. The ducts are tortuous. Prophysaon, Hemphillia, Ariolimax. In my descriptions of these genera I have included the digestive system, which has the same gen- eral arrangement as in Limax. It appears that no generic characters may be found in the digestive system of the respective genera, excepting the jaw and lingual mem- brane, which are treated in full in Chapter III. Veroxicella. The buccal body possesses no retractor muscle. The dental plate, or jaw, is broad, and, upon the anterior surface, has a pec- tinate appearance, from the numerous ribs upon it. Its cutting edge is devoid of the conical toothlet. The oesophagus is moderately long and capacious. The stomach is cylindrical and sacculated, and posteriorly forms a deep, capacious cul-de-sac, independent of the small intestine. It is strongly muscular and shining, the transverse muscular fibres being- very distinct. The anterior hepatic duct opens into the angle formed by the cul-de-sac and the intestine, the posterior into the fundus of the latter. The small intestine is pretty uniformly cylindrical, and holds the usual course to near its termination in the rectum, when to reach the latter it turns abruptly backward, and joins it on the right side, just posterior to the middle of the body. The rectum is straight, and proceeds backwards, along the right side of the body, within the pulmonary cavity, and terminates between the extremity of the tail and the pedal disk, at the side of the pulmonary orifice. The salivary glands are arborescent, or fasciculated in appearance. The ducts are short and delicate. The lobuli of the liver are looser, or more sepa- rated, than in the preceding genera. The Genera of Disixtegkated Helix. The buccal body has the same ,'ippcarance, generally, as in the slugs. The retractor muscle is SPECIAL ANATOMY. 61 much stronger, and has its origin in common with the retractor of the foot and eye-peduncles, from the columella of the shell ; at its insertion it forms a semicircle around the posterior inferior part of the buccal body. The pouch of the lingual lamina is alwa} T s a prominent object. In Zonites cellaring and Macrocyclis concava, tne buccal body is propor- tionately nearly twice the length of that of the other species, denoting a carnivorous habit, as in Glandina. The dental plate, or jaw, varies in some degree in different species : in Zonites, Macrocyclis, etc. it is smooth anteriorly, and in the middle projects downwards into a large conical toothlet ; in Mesodon, Triodopsis, etc. the anterior surface pre- sents a number of curved ribs, each of which projects inferiorly as a sort of toothlet, denticulating either margin. The oesophagus is generally long and narrow. In some species it is unusually long and contracted, as in M. concava, Z. cellarius, Steno- trema hirsutum, Patula pierspectiva, etc. ; in others it is long, and dilated in the middle, as in Polyyyra auric ulata ; in many it is capacious, and gradually passes into the stomach, as in Mesodon exoleta, etc. It is ex- ceedingly long in Polyyyra septemvolva. The stomach is usually cylindroid, and more or less sacculated. The posterior cul-de-sac is always present. The small intestine comes off from the stomach at a very acute angle, and into the latter two hepatic ducts empty. It is pretty uniformly cylindrical, and forms, as in slugs, a single convolution or a sigmoid curve, among the lobes of the liver, and penetrates to the pulmonary cavity at its right posterior angle. The rectum, in all the testaceous genera, corresponds in length to the pulmonary cavity, the right side of which it occupies to the pulmonary orifice, at the outer border of which it terminates by the anal aperture. It is cylindrical, usually wider than the small intestine, and is frequently somewhat sacculated. Upon the outer side of the rectum, running its whole length, is a band of muscular fibres, the object of which is, apparently, the retraction of the collar, the shortening of the rectum, and the expulsion of its con- tents. The salivary glands are generally elongated, oval, with lobed edges. They are usually united together and situated on the oesophagus, or commencement of the stomach. When the oesophagus is narrow they surround it ; when dilated, they occupy one half or two thirds of its surface. The salivary ducts are long and large. The liver is four-lobcd, three of which lobes are anterior or inferior, 62 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. and the fourth posterior or superior. The fourth lobe, conjoined with the testicle, forms the very summit of the turbinated mass. The ducts from the anterior lobes converge to form a single trunk, which, with that from the posterior lobe, open into the junction, or angle, of the cul-de-sac of the stomach with the intestine. Binneya. The oesophagus is very short; the stomach very vide, short. Bulimulus. The digestive apparatus in B. dealbatus and B. mxdti- lineatus resembles that of Polygyra auriculata ; the oesophagus is long, narrow, and dilated in the middle ; the stomach is cylindroid, and more or less sacculated. Stenogyra. The digestive system is like the last. Liguus. The stomach of IAguus fasciatus resembles that of Limax flavus, being large and capacious anteriorly, cylindrical and sacculated posteriorly. The rectum is capacious and sacculated. Orthalicus. The digestive system of undatus is as in Liguus. It does not essentially differ from that of the genera of disintegrated Helix. Pupa. A characteristic of this genus is the very great proportionate length of the viscera, corresponding to the numerous whorls of the shell. The retractor muscle of the buccal mass is long and strong. The oesophagus is very long and narrow. The stomach is very long, and even forms a fold upon itself. The rectum is very long and saccu- lated ; the muscle on its outer side is well developed. Succinea. A characteristic of this genus, the reverse of Pupa, is the great breadth and shortness of the viscera. The dental plate, or jaw, has an upper quadrangular piece, superadded to the ordinary crescen- tic plate. The stomach resembles that of Limax flavus. Its mucous membrane presents several longitudinal ruga). The small intestine does not undergo the same relative diminution with the other viscera. The rectum is very short, and, from the transverse position of the pul- monary cavity, it is placed along the right of the breadth, instead of the length of the latter, as usual. The salivary glands are situated one on each side of the commencement of the stomach ; their ducts, just before opening into the buccal body, become dilated. Macrocyclis. The buccal mass, as stated above, is twice the size of that of the other genera. Glandina. The oral orifice is triangular, and bounded by three papillated lips, one upper and two lateral. The buccal body is a very SPECIAL ANATOMY. 63 long muscular cylinder, a little curved downward at the posterior part. There is no cul-de-sac for the lingual lamina protruding behind ; and the retractor muscle is divided into three fasciculi, one central and pass- ing into the buccal body posteriorly, the others lateral and inserted as usual. Externally, it has a very thin investment of longitudinal mus- cular fibres, continuous with those of the retractor muscle and the ori- gin of the especial muscles of the tongue. This layer is very delicate and transparent ; and at the anterior third of the buccal body, laterally and inferiorly, it presents several fasciculi, which pass to the tegumen- tary lips. Beneath the exterior covering, and readily seen through it, is a thick and strongly fasciculated, transverse layer of muscular fibres. When the buccal body is laid open the oral orifice is found to bt, con- tinuous with a triangular canal with smooth sides, running one third its length. At the posterior superior termination of the canal is the open- ing of the oesophagus and orifices of the salivary ducts. There is no dental plate, or jaw. The posterior two-thirds of the buccal body is occupied by a long oval organ, composed of numerous, strong fasciculi of muscular fibres, arising laterally and inferiorly at the posterior part of the buccal body ; the former passing inwards and forwards, the latter forwards to the anterior extremity of the organ, which is free, and pro- jects into the triangular, oval canal. The lateral fasciculi leave between them superiorly an interstice, at the bottom of which is found the lin- gual membrane, in the form of a tube, closed posteriorly, and open and reflected downwards and backwards upon the anterior, free tip of tho organ. Into the posterior extremity of the lamina the middle fascicu- lus of the retractor muscle of the buccal body is inserted; and, just anterior to this insertion, a small, attrahent fasciculus, arising from the roof of the buccal body, posterior to the orifice of the oesophagus, which gets to the lamina by means of the interstice of the muscular organ superiorly. The teeth of the lingual membrane are arranged diagonally, from the middle line, in parallel rows, passing from within outwards, as shown in the descriptive portion of this work. The oesophagus issues from a fissure at the upper posterior line of the anterior third of the buccal body. It is long and cylindrical, and rather wider at its termination than at its origin. The stomach is irregularly cylindroid, and has a cul-de-sac at its commencement, pro- jecting anterior to the entrance of the oesophagus. The small intestine is capacious. The salivary glands are conjoined, so as to form a circular collar 64 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. around the posterior part of the oesophagus. The salivary ducts are long, and enter the same fissure of the buccal body at which the oesoph- agus issues. The anterior lobes of the liver are comparatively very small, while the posterior lobe is correspondingly large ; and to the whole there is but a single duct. Observations ox the Tissues of the Digestive Apparatus. The mucous membrane of the alimentary canal is usually smooth throughout. In the stomach it frequently presents a number of trans- verse folds, corresponding to the contractions which produce the saccu- lated appearance of the organ ; and in several species of different genera it presents a few longitudinal rugce, as in Li max flavus, Lif/uus fascir atus, Mesodon exoleta, etc. In its whole extent it is formed of a colum- nar epithelium and a nucleolated-nucleated basement membrane. The columnar cells of the epithelium are long and pyramidal, the upper part or base being broad, and the attached .'xtremity very narrow. They are tilled with a very fine, indistinct, granular matter, inter- mingled with coarser, highly reflective grannies. Each contains an oval, granular nucleus, with a minute nucleolus. The muscular investment of the intestinal canal is strongest upon the stomach and rectum. In Veronicella, Strophia incana, etc. it is strong and shining upon the stomach. It consists of two layers, an internal transverse and an external longitudinal. They are both com- posed of white, shining, strap-shaped bands, with the extremities pointed and closely adapted to each other. None of the transverse bands surround the stomach, all being much too short. They are in- distinctly granular in structure, and each contains one or two elongated nuclei. The lobules of the salivary gland arc composed of the dilated com- mencements of the ducts, lined with soft, glanular cells, which are oval in form, and contain a round, granular nucleus with a minute nucleolus. The basement membrane of the salivary ducts is amorphous. The epi- thelial cells lining the trunks bear considerable resemblance to those found in their follicular commencement. Outside of the basement membrane, twine narrow muscular fibres in various directions. They are nucleated, and where the nuclei exist are wider than at the inter- vening parts. The lobuli of the liver are composed of the rounded commencement of the biliary ducts, and are lined with polygonal cells, which become SPECIAL ANATOMY. 65 globular on the removal of pressure. The hepatic cells contain a fine, granular matter, fine and large oil-globules, and a. round, nucleolated nucleus. Of the Generative Apparatus. All the terrestrial Gasteropoda under consideration are monoecious or hermaphroditic, though none are capable of self-impregnation. They are also mostly oviparous. Their genital system is complicated, and liable to such variation in its details as to furnish excellent generic and specific characters. I have therefore, when possible, given descriptions of the system in the descriptive portion of my work, under each species. I will here- give only a general description of the development of the system : — The tes- ticle is a single globular mass of aciniform cceca in some genera; in others it is composed of numerous fasciculi of long cceca : it is free, or imbedded in the upper lobe of the liver ; its position, as well as the shape of its cceca, being different in the respective genera. The epididymis is an undulated, or moderately tortuous tube, lead- ing from the testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with the prostate gland. It opens into a groove upon the inner side of the interior of the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior extremity, with the vas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididy- mis, and lying against the inner side of the ovary, is a small, compound, follicular body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gas- teropoda, and is known as the accessory gland of the epididymis. The prostate gland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of the whole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance, and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis to the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the prostate gland to the penis sac. The position of its junction forms a specific character; sometimes it joins the summit of the latter, at others it enters near the base. The penis sac is generally a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at the right anterior part of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termina- tion a short cloaca. Its form is, however, very variable, and is an ex- cellent specific character, as is also the point of insertion of the retractor muscle, which has its origin from the muscular investment of the vis- ceral cavity, just posterior to the position of the pulmonary cavity. The penis sac often has a flagellate appendage containing the curious 66 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. organ known as the capreolus. The above are the male organs of the compound system. The female organs consist of the ovary, a linguiform body, sometimes lobulated, at the posterior end of the genital system. The oviduct is a long sac-like body, usually greatly convoluted in its course. It de- creases in breadth at its anterior end, and gradually merges into the vagina, a long tube-like body of uniform size to the common external orifice • into its lower end, called by Dr. Leidy the cloaca, enters the penis sac, and above this enters also the duct of the genital bladder. This last organ, as well as the bladder itself, varies greatly in size and length, and forms an excellent specific character. The above is the simplest form of the genital system, all these organs being absolutely necessary. It is often much more complicated by having an accessory, very much lengthened duct to the duct of the ^jn- ital bladder, by various forms of vaginal prostate glands, often with complicated accessories ; with one or more dart sacs entering into the vagina, containing a dart of various shape. The penis sac also some- times has curious and varied accessories. All these organs may be found in some species of any given genus, while other species may have only the organs necessary to the genital system. 1 I am induced, there- fore, to consider the details of the generative system to be only a spe- cific character. As a generic character we can rely only on the position of the external orifice of the system, and on the position of the testicle as well as the form of the coeca which compose it. Thus Glandina, Zonites, and Ariolimax have the external orifice under the mantle, while usually it is found behind the right eye-peduncle. Again Limax, Ario- limax, Prophysaon, Hemphillia, Arion, Glandina, and Succinea have the testicle free, and formed of aciniform coeca, while in the genera of dis- integrated Helix and others it is composed of fasciculi of elongated coeca commingled with the substance of the upper lobe of the liver. General Remarks upon the Junction of Different Portions of the Generative Apparatus, and the Structure of its Tissues. The testicle was mistaken by Swammerdam, Cuvier, and others for the ovary, and the latter organ and prostate gland for two portions of the testicle. A microscopic examination of these different organs at 1 For instance, in Arionta we find the necessary organs only in Townsendiana, but in jricklinianami other species a great variety cf accessory complications. SPECIAL ANATOMY. 67 onoe very easily settles their true nature ; although, even without this mode of analysis, we would suppose the epididymis would indicate the character of the gland of which it is the duct, and leave the remain- ing two organs to be considered as belonging to the female apparatus. In Helix the structure of the testicle consists of dense fasciculi of short ccecal pouches, which are simple, bifurcate, or trifurcate. These contain polygonal spermatophori, which are finely granular with a round nucleus, or filled with granular globules of uniform size, or with coils or bunches or fasciculi of spermatozoa. The epididymis always contains, more or less, and is frequently distended with, a white, silky, filamen- tous substance, composed of spermatozoa. The latter consist of very deli- cate and, comparatively, enormously long filaments, terminating, at one extremity, in a thickened head. They vary in length in different spe- cies of these gasteropods. The head assumes two principal forms ; it is either sigmoid and pointed, as in Mesodon albolabris, Mesodon multili- neata, etc., or else it is spiral and pointed, as in Patula alternata, Pa- tula solitaria, etc. In the vas deferens the spermatozoa may often be detected in movement, which is slow and vibrating in character. The prostate gland, although situated along the tract of the oviduct, evidently belongs to the male apparatus, as is proved by its emptying solely into the vas deferens in Veronicella, and in its being placed be- tween the termination of the epididymis and the commencement of the vas deferens only, as is very conspicuously observed in Succinea. In structure, it is composed of closely packed, tortuous, tubular, simple follicles, lined with short, thick, pyramidal epithelia, which are densely granular, and contain a round, nucleolated nucleus. The object of this organ probably is to dilute the very tenacious spermatic matter as it oozes from the epididymis into the spermatic groove on the inner side of the oviduct. In all the terrestrial gasteropods examined, there was found a small glandular body, from which proceeds a short duct to join the termina- tion of the epididymis. It consists of from two to nine rounded folli- cles joining a common duct, and, from the constancy of its existence, must be deemed important. The ovary is soft and homogeneous in appearance ; viewed by the microscope, it is" found to be almost wholly composed of immature ova, polygonal cells with a germinal vesicle and macula. The sides of the oviduct are soft, and in great measure composed of a tissue consisting of large polygonal cells, with from one to five small round nuclei. 68 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The organ denominated genital bladder, from its opening into the vagina, or at the termination of the latter, and in Veronicella from its belonging almost wholly to the female organs, must be considered rather as a portion of the female apparatus than a prostatic sac, as it is called by Owen. By many authors this hao been termed the spermatheca, from its supposed function of holding spermatic fluid received from the male organs, and with some reason ; for in several instances I have found it to contain a tenacious mass, which upon microscopic analysis was found to be composed of spermatozoa. This cannot, however, be considered wholly as its use ; for it secretes a mucoid matter, which may probably facilitate the passage of the ova through the vagina and cloaca. The mucoid matter within the bladder is frequently found to contain immense numbers of an infusorial parasite, which has been de- scribed under the name of Cryptoicus. 1 The epithelium of the bladder consists of very long, caudate, colum- nar cells, with elliptical, granular nuclei, and a small round nucleolus. In comparison of the descriptions of genitalia in this work with those given by foreign authors, it must be remembered that the terms ovary, testicle, etc., are not applied to the same organ. In Vol. I. will be found figures of the genital system of many of our species. I have in this volume repeated the descriptions, under each species, and given figures of many not included in the plates of Vol. I. Of the Respiratory and Circulatory Apparatus. The lung of the Terrestrial Gasteropoda is a simple cavity, with an orifice communicating with the exterior, upon the right side of the body. The surface of this pulmonary cavity in part of its extent, and more particularly near the pulmonary orifice, is covered by a close in- tertexture of blood-vessels. The blood of the body is conveyed directly to the lungs by two principal vessels, the pulmonary arteries, which join the capillary rete of the pulmonary surface. From this rete passes off the pulmonary vein to the heart, which is systemic, and consists of an auricle and ventricle. The auricle receives the pulmonary vein ; from the ventricle passes off the aorta, to be distributed throughout the body. Limax. The pulmonary cavity is situated beneath the mantle, and has nearly the same size and form. It is separated from the visceral cavity by the muscular peritoneum, but contains the rectum, renal i Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. N. S. Vol. I. SPECIAL ANATOMY. 69 organ, and heart. The pulmonary orifice is situated at the anteroinfe- rior edge of the mantle, on the right side of the body. When open it appears round ; it is closed by means of circular muscular fibres. The pulmonary rete is principally displayed upon the roof of the cavity, and from it converge three principal trunks, to form the pulmonary vein which passes to the auricle of the heart. The heart, enclosed within a pericardium, is situated near the middle of the pulmonary cavity. The auricle and ventricle are pyri- form, and placed base to base. The sides of the latter are consider- ably thicker than those of the former, and present internally several well-marked fasciculi, crossing in different directions. Between the auri- cle and ventricle is a double valve. From the apex of the ventricle passes off the aorta, which pierces the muscular peritoneum, and divides into two principal branches, — one passing to the sub-cesophageal gan- glia devoted to the viscera in the anterior part of the visceral cavity, the other passing to supply the viscera posteriorly. Upon the right of the heart, attached to the roof of the pulmonary cavity, is placed a large glandular organ, considered as the kidney ; from the whole of its right margin pi-oceeds a duct backwards, which then curves to the side of the rectum, at the left side of whichjt remains attached to the pulmonary orifice. Arion. The pulmonary cavity is situated as in Liniax. Its whole interior surface presents an intricate rete, from which converge six or Beven pulmonary veins to the auricle of the heart. The renal organ forms a complete circle around the heart, and is per- forated by the rectum, in the course of the latter to the pulmonary aperture. Tebennophorus. The pulmonary cavity is situated beneath the an- terior portion of the mantle. It is formed by an inflection of the mus- cular layer of the integument of the body. The renal organ is placed to the right of the heart, and at its posterior part is perforated by the aorta. Veronicella. The pulmonary cavity is situated between the mus- cular peritoneum and the integument of the body. Its principal por- tion is placed upon the right side, anterior to the middle, but extends to the left side, over the back, and along the right side to the pulmo- nary aperture, between the tail and posterior extremity of the podal disk. The heart is placed in the anterior portion of the cavity. The auricle receives a vein from the right and another from the left side. 70 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The renal organ is placed posterior to the heart, between the passage leading from the pulmonary cavity to its orifice, and the course of the rectum. The Genera of Disintegrated Helix. In this genus, as is also the case in all the testaceous genera under examination, the pulmonary chamber is comparatively very large, for reasons already stated, and occupies a position on the outside of the lower one or two whorls of the turbinated mass of the viscera. In front, it is bounded by the collai*, in the right side of which is the pulmonary orifice. The floor of the cavity is formed, as in slugs generally, by the muscular peritoneum. The roof, or outer wall, is occupied on the right side by the rectum, posteriorly by the heart and renal organ, and anteriorly by the pulmo- nary rete of capillary vessels. The pulmonary rete is most developed in the vicinity of the pulmonary orifice ; and from it in a line with the latter, along the course of the rectum, proceeds backward a single pul- monary vein to the heart. The renal organ is elongated, pyramidal, and is placed to the right of the heart and pulmonary vein. Its duct commences upon the right border of the gland, courses backward to the rectum, along the inner side of which it passes to the pulmonary aperture. The remaining testaceous genera present nothing peculiar in the character of the pulmonary or circulatory apparatus. General Remarks. The heart, in warm weather, beats about fifty-five times in a minute, but to some extent appears to be under the control of the animal, for if disturbed or irritated it pulsates much slower. In composition, the heart consists of distinctly granulated, unstriped muscular fibres, with oval nuclei, which are hardly visible before the application of acetic acid to them. The interior of the heart and aorta is lined with a tessellated epithe- lium ; and the exterior of the former and interior surface of the pericar- dium are covered by the same. The cells are granular, with distinct, round, or oval, granular nuclei, and a minute nucleolus. The pericardial epithelium separates its peculiar fluid very freely, the pericardium frequently appearing distended with the liquor pericardii. In the testaceous genera it frequently contains numbers of an entozoon, which Dr. Leidy has named IJistoma vagans} The blood-vessels, espe- cially in the liver, exhibit a white opaque appearance, which is depen- dent upon tho deposit in the sides of the vessel of innumerable, oil-like granules. i See Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., New Series, Yol. I. SPECIAL ANATOMY. 71 The blood contains numerous blood-corpuscles, which vary in size, are granular, and exhibit numerous radiating, projecting points of variable length, — frequently greater than the diameter of the corpuscle. The pulmonary cavity is lined with a tessellated epithelium, the cells of which are faintly granular, with a few coarser granules, and a distinct, round or oval, granular, nucleolated nucleus. The renal organ is a gland which exhibits a foliated or plicated ap- pearance, within a capsule. The surfaces of the plicae communicate with the duct existing along the whole right border of the organ, and are covered with polygonal, oi-ganic cells, every one of which contains a large, white, round, opaque mass, resembling uric acid in appearance. On the Nervous Centres, and the Distribution of the Nerves. The nervous centres consist of three distinct sets of ganglia, which are all placed within the anterior part of the body or head. The first set, or supra-oesophageal ganglia, form a transverse band, above or in front of the buccal body, usually at its anterior part, but varying in the latter position, to some degree depending upon the movements of the buccal body. When the latter is protruded, the band of ganglia is thrown back to the commencement of the oesophagus ; when retracted, it is placed just behind the upper lip. It consists of two symmetrical halves united by a short transverse commissure. Each half is composed of several ganglia, aggregated to a greater or less de- gree in different genera and species. Sometimes they are so aggregated, or are so covered by enveloping tissue, as to appear a single mass ; in others five or six distinct masses may be readily counted. The second set, or sub-oesophageal ganglia, form a circular mass, placed infero -posteriorly to the buccal body, in the excavation of the foot. It is asymmetrical, and is composed of several ganglia, more or less aggregated together ; from four to seven masses can generally be counted. It is usually more developed upon the right than the left side, and passes through all the shades of color, in different genera and species, from white and yellow to orange. Through the opening formed by the arrangement of the ganglia into a circle passes the cephalic branch of the aorta. The supra-cesophageal and sub-oesophageal ganglia are connected together on each side of the buccal body by a double commissure, which varies in length in different genera ; thus, in Helices, etc., it is generally so long as to allow of much movement of the supra- cesophageal ganglia forward with the buccal body, while in Veronicella 72 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. it is so short that the two sets of ganglia form a close ring around the anterior part of the buccal body. The third set of ganglia are the stomato-gastric, consisting of two minute lateral masses, united by a short transverse commissure, and always placed upon the buccal body immediately postero-laterally to the commencement of the oesophagus. The stomato-gastric ganglia are connected with the supra-cesophageal on each side, by means of a long, delicate commissure, which is more or less loose, and permits a free movement of the former ganglia with the buccal body to which they are fixed. From the supra-oosophageal ganglia pass off on each side, — 1st, a minute branch along the coarse of the supra-sub-cesophageal commis- sure ; 2d, three or four small branches to the retractor muscles of the eye-peduncles ; 3d, a large branch, the superior tentacular nerve ; 4th, one or two small branches to the base of the eye-peduncle, for its integ- ument ; 5th, the inferior tentacular nerve ; Gth, small branches to the integument of the lips. From the sub-oesophageal ganglia pass off, — 1st, numerous branches on each side, to the podal disk, and laterally to the integument ; 2d, a branch on the right side to the penis; 3d, a branch to the vas deferens and prostate gland ; 4th, on each side a branch to the retractor muscle of the buccal body ; 5th, a large one to each s ir le of the collar and pulmo- nary chamber ; 6th, a branch which follows the posterior aortic vessel, which gives off branches to the muscular peritoneum ; 7th, branches to the origin of the tentacular retractors ; 8th, branches to the oviduct, ovary, testicle, stomach, intestine, and liver. From the stomato-gastric ganglia pass off on each side, — 1st, a nerve to the external muscular structure of the buccal body ; 2d, two branches which penetrate posteriorly into the buccal body ; 3d, a branch to the salivary duct and gland ; 4th, a branch to the oesophagus and stomach ; 5th, branch to the interior of the buccal body anteriorly. The above distribution of the nerves has been principally derived from dissections of Glandina and Mesodon albolabris. In the former genus, upon what is the nerve to the tentacle in the other genera, there is formed, near the base of the eye-peduncles, a ganglionary enlargement, from which passes off the true, inferior tentacular nerve of this animal, and two other large branches to the third, or external tentacle. The nervous centres are composed of ganglion globules, varying very much in size ; some are very large, others are not more than one eighth SPECIAL ANATOMY. 73 the diameter of the larger ones and nuclear bodies. The globules are more or less polygonal, from mutual pressure, are distinctly granular, and contain a nucleus which is comparatively of enormous size. The latter usually fills one half or two thirds of the cell or globule, is more distinctly and darkly granular, and contains from one to seven small, round, transparent nucleoli. The separate nuclear bodies resemble the nuclei of the ganglion globules, but are much smaller, and contain but a single nucleolus. The nerve-fibres pass through the ganglionary centres, among the globules in every direction ; but none of them ap- pear to originate or terminate in the latter. None of the ganglionary cells are caudated. The nerves consist of bundles of tubuli, containing an oleo-albumi- nous matter, which in the fresh nerve is semi-fluid, faintly granular, homogeneous, and translucent, but after the matter is pressed out of the tubuli it separates into two portions, one of which is a tenacious, fluid substance, containing the other in the form of oil-like globules of no determinate size. The wall of the tubuli is amorphous and trans- parent, and has attached to it, and projecting externally, ovai, granular nucleolated nuclei. The nerves, especially in those emanating from the supra-oesophageal ganglia, are enveloped in a sheath formed of large, elongated, polygonal, transparent cells, containing in the centre an Oval nucleus surrounded by a mass of coarse granular bodies, which are endowed with a very active molecular movement. On the Organs of Especial Sense. Touch. The soft, mucous integument is very irritable ; but tactile sensibility is most developed in the tentacula and eye-peduncles, which are two pairs of tubular prolongations of the external integument, from the anterior part of the body or head. The superior pair, or eye-pedun- cles, are several times longer and thicker than the inferior pair. They are conico-cylindroid in shape, with the free extremity or point dilated, or bulbous, in the outer side of which the eyes are placed. The infe- rior pair, or tentacula, are short, conico-cylindroid, and slightly bulbous at the point. The integument is thick at the base of the tentacula, but gradually becomes thinner as it approaches the free extremity, where it is deli- cate and transparent. The color is the same on the general investment of the body, except at the free extremity of the tentacula, where, from 74 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. its transparency, the structure beneath shows through, and appears whitish. On the eye-peduncles it is rougher than upon the tentacula, from the polygonal folds being deeper. It is but loosely attached to the parts within, except at the free extremity, where it becomes firmly united. The retraction of the eye-peduncles takes place by means of the con- traction of the retractor muscle, which forms within them a cylindrical tube, and is inserted into the integument at their free extremity, so that when they are retracting the integument becomes inverted, and the point of the eye-peduncle first disappears from view and, in protru- sion, is last to appear. The latter movement takes place through the relaxation of the retractor muscle, and the gradual contraction of the circular muscular fibres forming the basis of the integument, commen- cing at the base of the eye-peduncle and proceeding towards the free extremity, by which course of movement the latter is pushed out. Within the tube of the retractor muscle of the eye-peduncles, passes to the free extremity of the latter the tentacular nerve. When the eye- peduncles are retracted, the nerve becomes tortuous and spiral, but when fully protruded it is nearly straight or merely undulated. Near the free extremity of the eye-peduncles, the nerve undergoes a sudden constriction, and then dilates into a gangliform enlargement, from the outer side of which proceeds a small division of the tentacular nerve, as the optic nerve, to the eye. The gangliform enlargement is composed, on the exterior, of the nerve-tubuli of the tentacular nerve, and on the exterior, of a soft, white, finely granular matter, containing, in the exterior layer, round, granular, nuclear bodies. Anteriorly, the enlargement undergoes a constriction, and then dilates into the large bulbous mass of the extremity of the eye-peduncles. This latter mass is white, soft, and finely granular. Upon its exterior the nerve-tubuli of the exterior of the first gangliform enlargement diverge, and divide into a number of large branches, which laterally subdivide into numer- ous smaller branches, and thus enclose the granular mass. The tentacula present the same nervous structure, except that there is no well-marked constriction between the tentacular nerve and the first gangliform enlargement, nor between the two enlargements, nor is there any optic nerve. The space between the tentacular nerve and the retractor muscle is filled with a filamentous tissue, containing round, granular, nucleolated nuclei, and large, round or elliptical, transparent cells, with nuclei sim- ilar to those which lie free in the tissue. SPECIAL ANATOMY. 75 The " integument of the eye-peduncles is very freely supplied with nerves from the supra-cesophageal ganglia. Taste. If existent, it is probably dependent upon nerves distributed within the buccal body, and derived from the stomato-gastric ganglia. The structure of the lingual membrane precludes any idea of its exist- ence there. Smell. The presence of this sense is undoubted, though there is much discrepancy of opinion as to its situation. I have suspected that it probably may be placed in the blind sac, or depression, which opens just below the mouth. This sac varies in its degree of development in the different genera : in Limax it is a superficial depression ; in Vagi- mdus it extends backwards beneath the buccal body for half an inch, is conical in shape and yellowish-white in color ; in Liguus fasciatus it extends back, in the excavation of the foot, to the tail, and is folded several times upon itself. Hearing. The acoustic apparatus consists of a pair of transparent vesicular bodies, placed upon the postero-inferior part of the sub-cesopha- geal ganglia, one on each side. They are placed in a depression of the ganglia formed by a separation of the nerve-tubuli as they pass from and into the latter, immediately upon the ganglionic globules. Their interior is filled with a transparent fluid, containing numerous otoco- nites, which vary in size, are oval in form, transparent, composed of con- centric layers of carbonate of lime, and frequently have a small cavity in their centre. During life, and for a short time after the death of the animal, the otoconites are endowed with a peculiar vibratory move- ment, by which they are disposed to accumulate into a mass in the centre of the auditory vesicle. After the cessation of the movement they become diffused through the fluid of the vesicle. Sight. The eyeball is placed beneath the integument, on the outer side of the constriction which exists between the gangliform swellings at the free extremity of the eye-peduncles. The optic nerve is derived from the inferior part of the first gangliform enlargement, is tortuous or undulating, and reaches the eyeball at its posterior part. Its course is frequently indicated by a deposit of pigmentum nigrum. The eyeball is globular, and is invested exteriorly by a transparent tunic, corresponding to the sclerotica and cornea. The choroidea forms two thirds of a sphere, and is inflected anteriorly into a sort of depressed disk, perforated in the centre. It consists of a delicate, translucent membrane, with a deposit of a single layer of irreg- 76 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHTNG MOLLUSKS. ularly rounded, or oval, black pigment cells. The interior of the cho- roidea contains a clear, consistent vitreous humor ; but the character of the retina I did not detect at the time. Whether a crystalline lens ex- ists or not I am in doubt ; at the time of making the investigations, in several instances I thought I discerned it very distinctly ; but in other instances, even when larger species were examined, if it existed it es- caped my observation. V. CLASSIFICATION. Without suggesting any system of classification, I have already ex- plained (p. 47) that in the descriptive portion of this work I have grouped the genera into families according to the character of the jaw and lingual membrane. I am too well aware that such an arrangement separates genera nearly allied by other, perhaps more important, characters, 1 but the same objection may be made to any system thus far proposed. The characters on which generic distinction is founded are more satis- factory. These are, the external form of the animal, whether slug-like, as in Limax, or snail-like, as in Helix ; the position of the mantle, anterior, central, or posterior, whether naked, enclosing some form of internal shell, or protected by an external more or less developed shell ; the presence or absence of longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, meet- ing over a caudal mucus pore ; the presence or absence of a distinct locomotive disk to the foot ; the position of the external respiratory and generative orifices ; finally, by the absence or presence and character of the jaw, and the character of the lingual dentition. When a genus is numerous in species I have, for the sake of conven- ience, adopted sections or subgenera, founded on special features of the shell, such as the absence or presence of internal laminae or tooth-like processes within the aperture. In treating the species I have recognized a wide range of variation rather than distinct specific weight in the differences one observes among numerous individuals. Guided by these rules, I have grouped our species in the manner shown in the synopsis in Chapter VI. l Thus Veronicella is placed iu Holognatha, though it widely differs from the other genera of that family in having contractile, not retractile eye-peduncles, and still more by having separate orifices for the male and female organs of generation. Again Onchidella from the character of its jaw is classed with Patula, etc., though it most widely differs from all the Geophila in having uo tentacles, and though its genital system is like Veronicella. SYSTEMATIC INDEX 77 VI. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PULMONATA GEOPHILA. AGNATHA. Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea. Glandina bullata, Gld. truncata, Gmel. Texasiana, Pfr. decusaata, Desk. HOLOGNATHA VITEINEA. Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, Le sportella, Gld. concava, Say. Voyana, Newc. Duranti, Newc. Zonites Mesomphix. capnodes, W. G. B. fuliginosus, Griff. friabilia, W. G. B. caducus, Pfr. lasvigatus, Pfr. demissus, Binn. ligerus, Say., intertextus, Binn. subplanus, Binn. inornatus, Say. sculptilis, Bland. Elliotti, Red/. cerinoideus, Anth. Hyalinia. cellarius, Miill. Whitneyi,. Newc. nitidus, Miill. arboreus, Say. viridulus, Mke. indentatus, Say. limatulus, Waid. minusculu9, Binn. milium, Morse. Binneyanua, Morse. Zonites ferreus, Morse. conspectus, Bland. exiguus, Stimpson. chersinellus, Dall. capsella, Gld. placentula, Shultl. Conulus. fulvus, Drap. Fabricii, Beck. Gundlachi, Pfr. Stearnsi, Bl. Gastrodonta. gularis, Say. suppressus, Say. lasmodon, Phillips. significans, Bland. internus, Say. multidentatus, Binn. Vitrina latissima, Lewis. limpida, Gould. Angelicas, Beck. Pfeifferi, Newc. exilia, Mor. Limax maximus, Lin. flavus, Lin. agrestis, Miill. campestris, Binn. HewBtoni, /. G. Cooper. montanus, Ing. HOLOGNATHA HELICEA. Patula Bolitaria, Say. strigosa, Gld. Hemphilli, Newc. Idahoensis, Newc. Haydeni, Gabb. alternata, Say. Cumberiandiana, Lea. perspectiva, Say. Patula striatella, Anth. pauper, Mor. Horni, Gabb. asteriacua, Morse. Microphysa incrustata, Pfr. vortex, Pfr. Lanaingi, Bland. Ingersolli, Bland. Hemitrochus varians, Mke. 78 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Holospira Roemeri, Pfr. Goldfussi, Pfr. Onchidella borealis, Dall. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Bosc. Helicodiscuc- liueatus, Say. Ferussacia subcyl ndrica, L. Caecilianella acicula, Miill. Stenogyra Rumina. decollata, L. Opens. subula, Pfr. octonoides, Ad. Melaniella. gracillinia, Pfr. Pupa Pupilla. muscorum, L. Blandi, Morse. Hoppii, Miill. variolosa, Gld. pentodon, Say. decora, Gld. corpulenta, M^orse. Rowelli, Newc. Californica, Rowell. Leucochila. fallax, Say. modica, Gld. Arizonensis, Gabb. hordeacea, Gabb. armifera, Say. contracta, Say. rupicola, Say. corticaria, Say. pellucida, Pfr. borealis, Mor. alticola, Ing. Vertigo Gouldi, Binn. Bollesiana, Morse. milium, Gld. ovata, Say. ventricosa, Morse. simplex, Gld. Strophia incaua, Binn. * * Ariou fuscus, Miill. foliolatus, Gld. Ariolimax Columbianus, Gld. Californicus, J. G. Coep. niger, J. G. Coop. Hemphilli. Andersoni. Prophyaaon Hemphilli, Bl. 4' Binn. Veronicella Floridana, Binn. olivacea, Stearns. Binneya notabilis, /. G. Coop. Hemphillia giandulosa, Bl. §• Binn. Pallifera dorsalis, Binn. Wetherbyi, W. G. Binn. Strobila labyrinthica, Say.] Hubbardi, Brown. Gonostoma Yatesi, J. G. Coop. Polygyra auriculata, Say. uvulifera, Shuttl. auriformis, Bid. Postelliana, Bid. espiloca, Rav. avara, Say. ventrosula, Pfr. Hindsi, Pfr. Texasiana, Moricand. triodontoides, Bid. Mooreana, W. G. Binn. hippocrepis, Pfr. fastigans, L. \V. Say. Jacksoni, Bid. Troostiana, Lea. Hazardi, Bid. oppilata, Moricand. Dorfeuilliana, Lea. Ariadnae, Pfr. septemvolva, Say. cereolus, Muhlf. Carpenteriana, Bid. Febigeri, Bid. pustula, Fe'r. pustuloides, Bid. leporina, Gld. [Coop. Polygyrella polygyrella, Bid. $• J. G. Stenotrema spinosum, Lea. labrosum, Bid. Edgarianum, Lea. Edvardsi, Bid. barbigerum, Redf. stenotremum, Fe'r. hirsutum, Say. maxillatum, Gld. monodon, Rack. germanum, Gld. Triodopsis palliata, Say. obstricta, Say. appressa, Say. inflecta, Say. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 79 Triodopais Rugeli, Shuttl. tridentata, Say. Harfordiana, J. G. Coop. fallax, Say. introferens, Bid. Hopetonensis, Shuttl. Van Nostrandi, Bid. vultuosa, Gld. loricata, Gld. Meaodon major, Binn. albolabris, Say. diveata, Gld. multilineata, Say. Pennaylvanica, Green. Mitchelliana, Lea. elevata, Say. Clarki, Lea. Chriatyi, Bid. exoleta, Binn. Wheatleyi, Bid. dentifera, Binn. Roemeri, Pfr. Wetherbyi, Bid. thyroidea, Say. clausa, Say. Columbiana, Lea. Downieana, Bid. Lawi, Lewis. jejuna, Say. Mobiliana, Lea. devia, Gld. profunda, Say. Sayii, Binn. Acanthinula harpa, Say. Vallonia pulchella, Mull. Fruticicola hiapida, L. rufeacens, Penn. Dorcasia Berlandieriana, Mar. griseola, Pfr. Turricula terreatria, Chemn. Aglaja fidelis, Gray. GONIOONATHA. Liguus faaciatua, Midi. Punctum pygmeeum, Dr. Orthalicus undatus, Brug. ELASMOQNATHA. Succinea Haydeni, W. G. B. Succinea Higginai, Bid. retusa, Lea. Haleana, Lea. Sillimani, Bid. Mooresiana, Lea. ovalia, Gld., not Say. Groavenori, Lea. Aglaja infumata, Gld. Hillebrandi, Newc. Arionta arroaa, Gld. Tow^naendiana, Lea. tudiculata, Binn. Nickliniana, Lea. Ayreaiana, Newc. redimita, W. G. Binn. interciaa, W. G. Binn. Kelletti, Fbs. Stearnaiana, Gabb. exarata, Pfr. ramentoaa, Gld. Californienaia, Lea. Carpenteri, Newc. Mormonum, Pfr. aequoicola, J. G. Coop. Diabloenaia, J. G. Coop. Traaki, Newc. Dupetithouarai, Deth. ruficincta, Nerve. Gabbi, Newc. Glyptoatoma Ncwberryanum, W. G. Euparypha Tryoni, Newc. [Binn. Tachea hortenaia, Mull. Pomatia aaperaa, Miill. Cylindrella Poeyana, Pfr. jejuna, Gld. Macroceramus Kieneri, Pfr. Goaaei, Pfr. Bulimulu8 aerperaatrua, Say. Floridanua, Pfr. multilineatua, Say. Dormani, W. G. B. Marielinua, Pfr. patriarcha, W. G. B. alternatus, Say. Schiedeanua, Pfr. dealbatus, Say. 80 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHINQ MOLLUSKS. Succinea Wilsoni, Lea. Succinea obliqua, Say. Concordialis, Gld. Totteniana, Lea. luteola, Gld. campestris, Say. lineata, W. G. Binn. Hawkinsi, Bd. avara, Say. rusticana, Gld. Stretchiana, Bid. Nuttalliana, Lea. Verrilli, Bid. Oregonensis, Lea. aurea, Lea. effusa, Shuttl. Groenlandica, Beck. Salleana, Pfr VTI. DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Order PULMONATA. Lingual membrane varying from short and broad to long and narrow ; teeth numerous, in numerous uniform transverse rows. Mouth usually with one or more horny jaws. Respiratory organ in the form of a closed chamber lined with pulmonic vessels on the back of the animal and covered by the shell when present ; edge of the mantle attached, — the entrance to the air-chamber being through an opening in the side, closed by a valve. Oper- culum almost universally absent. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation, generally oviparous, terrestrial, fiuviatile or marine, but respiring free air. Tentacles and eye-peduncles retractile or contractile. Shell varied in form, sometimes rudimentary or wanting. Eyes at the end of elongated peduncles, or on the head of the animal. The Pulmonata are usually' divided into three suborders, — Geophila, Limnophila, and Thalassoj^hila, — names derived respectively from the comparatively terrestrial, fiuviatile, and marine habits of the animals. These suborders are readily distinguished by the position of the eyes, either sessile or on peduncles, and the characters of the tentacles. I have included in this volume only the species of the first suborder, though one species of the Limnophila, Carychium exiguum, is truly terrestrial. It will be understood also that I do not include any gill- bearing genus, however terrestrial may be its habits. Thus I omit mauy genera included in Vols. II. and IV. GLANDINA. 81 Suborder GEOPHILA. Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles retrac- tile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than, and placed under, the eye- peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting. Operculum never present in the adult. Animal usually terrestrial. I do not propose any system of classification for the Pulmonata, but the genera found within our limits may be grouped by the character of their jaw and lingual dentition into A. Agnatha. Jaw absent ; marginal teeth aculeate or quadrate. B. Holognatha Vitrinea. Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth aculeate. C. Holognatha Helicea. Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth quadrate. D. Goniognatha. Jaw in separate pieces, the upper median one usually trian- gular ; marginal teeth quadrate. E. Elasmognatha. Jaw with an accessory upper piece ; marginal teeth quadrate. This grouping, as is the case with any founded on one or two sepa- rate characters, unites many genera otherwise widely separated, and as widely separates some quite as intimately connected by other, per- haps more important, characters. It seems to me, however, that these distinctions may be, in the present state of our knowledge, considered of family value, quite as well as those founded on the mantle, shell, or other character. The names Testacellidce, Vitrinidce, Helicidiv, Orthali- cidce, Succinidce, have also been used for the same divisions. A. AGNATHA. Jaw absent ; marginal teeth aculeate or quadrate. Of this division or family we have within our limits only the genus Glan dina. Many other and varying genera, heliciform and limaciform, have been described from other fauna. GLANDINA, Schum. Shell oblong, fusiform, horn-colored ; whorls 6-8, the last attenuated at base. Aperture narrow, elliptically oblong ; peristome simple ; columella twisted for- ward at the base and truncated. Suture often crenulated or margined. Uni- form in color, or ornamented with longitudinal, usually brownish streaks. Animal heliciform (see Vol. III. PI. LIX.), elongated, narrowed anteriorly; eye-peduncles long, having the eye-spots on the posterior face, behind the tips, which are deflected ; tentacles half the length of the eye-peduncles, bulbous, and somewhat deflected at tip ; on each side of the oral aperture is a retractile, palpiform appendage, attenuated at tip, and more or less recurved, nearly as long as the eye-peduncle, the bases separated by a fissure in front ; buccal VOL. iv. 6 82 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. pouch capable of a proboscidiform protrusion, the aperture furnished with three papillae above and three on each side. Genital orifice at some distance behind the right eye-peduncle. Anal and respiratory orifices on the right of the mantle, under the peristome of the shell. Mantle thin, posterior, covered by a well-developed shell. No distinct locomotive disk. No caudal mucus pore. The eggs are eight millimeters long, covered with a hard calcareous shell. The subgenera Varicella and Oleacina, s. str., are not found within our limits, but only the Subgenus GLANDINA, s. str. Shell ovate, or ovate-oblong, plicately striate, generally of a silken lustre, but never glittering, and usually decussated with delicate revolving lines ; suture crenulated ; aperture equalling about half the shell's length, its peri- stome simple. Jaw absent. Lingual membrane narrow, with chevron-shaped rows of uni- form, aculeate, separated teeth ; central tooth with a long, slender, straight base of attachment, with incurved sides, and with inferior lateral slightly expanded angles, and with the upper margin reflected and extended into a long, slender, acutely pointed cusp. There are no lateral teeth, the balance of the mem- brane being composed of marginal teeth of the pure aculeate form. Each row of teeth on either side of the median line curves first backward, with the teeth rapidly increasing in size as they pass outwards, and then for- wards as the teeth gradually again become smaller; giving an irregularly crescentic shape to the half-row of teeth. This is shown particularly in Gl. Albersi and G. rosea, less so in Gl. truncata. The central tooth was overlooked by Wyman, Leidy, and other of the earlier investigators. It has since been detected in Gl. truncata, 1 rosea, 1 algira, 3 Soioerbyana* }>licatula, b fusiformis,* Albersi 1 ; in semitarum,* Phillipsi 9 of the subgenus Varicella; also solidula 10 of subgenus Oleacina. This central tooth is rather difficult to study, being on a different plane from the other teeth, and apparently much less developed. 1 See L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. Fig. 6. 2 Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 202, Fig. 1. 8 Fischer and Crosse, J. de C, XVI. 234, 1868 ; Moll. Mex. et Guat,, PI. IV. Fig. 10. * Same, Moll. Mex. et Guat. 73, PI. IV. Figs. 6-9. 6 Ibid., p. 73. « Ibid. 7 L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. Fig. 10, p. 19. » Proc. A. N. S. Phil. 1874, 49. 8 Ibid. io Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 347. GLANDINA. 83 Its cusp is generally simple, long, and narrow ; but in G. rosea it has a decided blunt cutting point, and in G. semitarum it has a long, slender cutting point ; for that of G. truncata, see below. The side teeth are all of the purely aculeate type ; the base of attachment is long, narrow, incurved at sides, gradually rounded above, expanded and bluntly truncated below, the general outline being somewhat like that of the sole of a shoe. From this base of attachment springs a large aculeate cutting point. These side teeth are like the marginals in Zonites, Lirnax, etc. ; they may therefore be called marginal teeth, and the lateral teeth, usually present in the Vitrinea, may be said to be entirely wanting. As stated above, the marginal teeth increase rapidly in size for a short dis- tance from the median line, and then gradually decrease in size, as they pass off laterally, the last tooth being still smaller than the first. In illustrating the dentition of this genus, I refer to the figure on p. 297, Vol. II., to show the general arrangement en chevron of the rows of teeth. Fig. A of my Plate I. is intended to show the shape of the individual teeth of G. truncata from the central to the extreme marginal. I have not had . an opportunity of examining the lingual membrane of G. oullata, Texasiana, decussata, or Vanuxemensis. The restricted subgenus is confined almost exclusively to Mexico and Cen- tral America, but several species are found in our Southern Region, even as far north as South Carolina. There is also one Mediterranean species. Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea. Vol. III. PI. LXII. Fig. 1. Shell elongated, ovate-fusiform, thin and fragile, considerably transparent, pale fawn-color, in some specimens inclined to greenish, and generally flecked with distant, pale spots ; the surface is, in a measure, coarsely granulated by the decussation of longitudinal and revolving lines, the latter of which are more distant from each other than the former, and become less and less dis- tinct towards the anterior portion of the whorl; whorls 7 or 8, the apical ones smooth and forming a mammillary tip ; suture crenulated ; aperture about one half the length of the shell, nearly three times as long as broad ; columella strongly arched, and scarcely glazed by enamel. Length of axis, 68 mill.; breadth, 25 mill. Glandina Vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, V. 84, PI. XIX. Fig. 78, Obs. I. 196 (1837). — Pfeiffer, Symbolne, III. 91. — Binney, Terr. Moll, II. 299, PI. LXII. Fig. 1. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 141 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 15. — Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 100 (1870). Glandina Vanuxcmii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226 (1866). Achatina Vanuxemensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., PI. XIII. Fig. 48. — Pfeiffer, Monog. Helic. Viv., II. 294. Oleacina Vanuxemensis, Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 36; Mon. Hel., IV. 643. 84 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. A species of the Mexican fauna, but actually found also in the Texas Region. I have not seen any other specimen than the one figured in Vol. III. Animal and dentition unknown. Glandina truucata, Gmelin. Vol. III. Pis. LIX., LX., LXI., Fig. 2 ; LXIL, Fig. 2. Shell strong, ovate-fusiform or ellipsoidal, obtuse at tip, of a pale ashy fawn- color, or rather alternately striped with ash-color and fawn-color, and more or less tinted rose-color, the surface shining and delicately fluted with longitudi- nal, raised, and rounded stria? ; whorls 6 or 7, moderately convex, the last constituting three fourths the length of the shell, somewhat compressed at the middle, so as to become in a measure cylindrical, narrowing forward and rounded at base ; suture strongly marked, delicately crenulate ; aperture about one half the length of the shell, often more, and twice as long as broad, narrow, ovate-lunate, acute posteriorly, obtusely rounded anteriorly ; peristome nearly rectilinear at its middle portion, and springing somewhat forwards ; columella arched at its lower portion, and decidedly truncate at base ; throat salmon- colored ; edge of peristome pale. Average length, 37 mill., often very much longer, even 100 mill. ; breadth somewhat more than one third the length. Bulla truncata, Gmelin, p. 3434. Buccinum striatum, Chemnitz, IX. 36, Tab. CXX. Fig. 1028, 29? Bulimus striatus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., I. 366. Cochlicopa rosea, Ferussac, Prodrome, 356 ; Hist, des Moll., PI. CXXXV. Fig. 3, PI. CXXXVI. Figs. 6-10. Achatina rosea, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 10 (1830); ed. Lamarck, VIII. 313. Achatina striata, Deshayes in Lam., ed. 3, III. 381. — Chemnitz, ed. 2, Tab. III. Figs. 3, 4. Achatina truncata, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub., I. 163, PI. X. Fig. 13. — Reeve, Conch. Icon., PI. XIII. Fig. 47. — Chemnitz, 1. c. (Bui.), Tab. XXXVIII. Figs. 21, 22 (Achatina), No. 78. — Pfeiffer (nee Glandina), Mon., III. 512. Polyphemus glans, Montfort, Conch., II. 415, Fig. civ. (1810). — Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. ScL, I. 282 (1818) ; Nich. Enc, ed. 3 (1819) ; ed. Binney, 13, 7. — Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 11. Glandina truncata, Say, Amer. Conch., II. PI. XX. (1831) ; ed. Binney, p. 34, PI. XX. ; ed. Chenu (Bib. Conch.), III. 28, PI. VII. Figs. 2, 2 a. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv., II. 286. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PI. CCCI. Fig. 5 (ex Bost. Journ.). — Binney, T. M., II. 301, Pis. LIX., LX., LXI. Fig. 2; LXIL Fig. 2.— W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 141, PI. LXXX. Fig. 9 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 15, Fig. 5 (1869). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 25S, 259, Pis. XIV., XVI. (1851), anat. — Wyman, B. J. N. H., IV. 416, PL XXIII. (1844), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 225 (1866). — Hogg, Tr. Roy. Microsc. Soc. n. s., XVI. PL XIII. Fig. 84 (dentition). Olcacina truncata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 638. — lb., Brit. Mus. ulmonata, p. 23. GLANDINA. 85 Ptanorbis glans s DeKay, 1. c. 56. Qlandina parallels, W. G. Binney, Phila. Proc. 1857, 189 ; T. M., IV. 140 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 17. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226 (1866). Oleacina parallcla, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1859, 51. Glandina Tcxasiana, part, W. G. Binney, T. Moll., IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 21, not of Pfeiffer. Atlantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to Texas, thus inhabiting all the Southern Region. Very common on the islands and keys along the coast. Animal : see above, p. 81, Vol. III. PL LIX. The habits of this animal are somewhat aquatic. It is found on the sea- islands of Georgia, and around the keys and everglades of Florida ; and in these situations the shell often attains the length of four inches, — when found on the oyster hummocks and less humid localities, it seldom exceeds one inch in length. Mr. Say found it in the marshes immediately behind the sand-hills of the coast. It is most readily found in the centre of the clumps of coarse grass on these marshes. In young individuals the spire forms but a small proportion of the shell, but in the old it often forms one third of the length. The animal is in part, if not altogether, carnivorous ; and its powerful lingual membrane, armed with long, sharp-pointed teeth, is well adapted to its food. By its action the soft parts of its prey are rapidly rasped away, or are forced in large morsels down the oesophagus. The animal has been seen to swallow entire the half-putrid remains of a Helix, and to attack Litnaces confined in the same box with it, rasping off large portions of the integument, and in some instances destroying them. In one instance an individual attacked and de- voured one of its own species, thrusting its long neck into the interior of the shell, and removing all the viscera. I found many specimens of Polygyra volvoxis in the stomach of individuals collected by me at St. Augustine, Fla. The testicle is an oval mass, separated from the liver as in the Limaces. The epididymis appears from a hilum in the side of the testacle ; at first but slightly tortuous, it becomes convoluted just before ending. Its accessory gland is large. The penis sac is long, large, and clavate, very gradually en- larging from the base to the summit. The vas deferens, which joins the latter point, is long, moderately tortuous, and wide. The retractor muscle is inserted into it near its termination in the penis sac. The bladder is oval, constricted ; its duct is as long as the oviduct. The vagina is moderately broad. The cloaca is short. The exterior generative orifice is on the right side of the head, considerably posterior to the tentacles. (See Vol. I. Pis. XIV., XVI.) Jaw absent. Lingual dentition as described above. There are about 34 — 1 — 34 teeth in each row. I have shown in PI. I. Fig. A, the central and various marginals from the first to the last tooth. The figures show the teeth as seen from below, thus giving a perfect view of the bases of attachment. The eighth tooth seems to be the largest, in another the sixth. The central tooth I find great difficulty in studying. It appears to have a long, slender 86 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. base of attachment, truncated and emarginate above and below, with slightly expanded lateral angles. The sides are somewhat incurved, giving the tooth the appearance of a simple modification of the base of attachment of the mar- ginals. There is a single median cusp with obsolete side cusps, and a long pointed median cutting point. (See the enlarged figure.) There are no lat- eral teeth. The marginal teeth are all of purely aculeate type. The shell is a very variable one, as shown by the figures in Vols. III. and IV. The form from Key West, figured in PI. LXI. Fig. 2, is a well-marked variety, but surely is not a variety of G. Texasiana, as I formerly supposed it might be. After further opportunities of judging by the study of more numer- ous specimens, I am led to change my opinion as to the specific distinction of the form I formerly called G. parallela. (See outline figure of PI. LXII.) The rose-color of the living shell soon fades. Glandina decussata, Desha yes. Vol. III. PI. LXI. Fig. 1. Shell oblong-conic, thin, shining, horn-color ; whorls 7 to 8, longitudinally striate, and covered with numerous minute revolving lines ; suture slightly crenulated ; aperture oblong, half as long as the shell ; columella curved, trun- cated, covered with light callus. Length, 50 mill. ; diameter, 18 mill. Achatina decussata, Deshayes in Fer. Hist. 182, PL CXXIII. Fig. 34 ; LI. CXXIV. Figs. 33-35 (1850). (Vide Pfeiffer, Mon., IV. 644). Glandina truncata, var., Binney, T. M., II. 302, PI. LXI. Fig. 1. Glandina comeola, W. G. Binney, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1857, 189 ; T. M., IV. 139. Glandina decussata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 227(1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 18 (1869). —Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 112 (1870). Olcacina comeola, Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 51. A Mexican and Guatemalan species, also found in the Texas Region at Devil's River and on the banks of the Nueces River. It is very rare in collec- tions. Animal, dentition, and genitalia unknown. Glandina bullata, Gould. Vol. III. PI. LXII. a. Shell elongate ovate, ventricose, widest a little behind the middle, very light and thin, and so translucent as to show the whole of the pillar by transmitted light, very pale horn-color, tinged with rusty brown towards the aperture, shin- ing, and marked longitudinally with fine rounded striae ; whorls 5, tumid, the last composing about seven eighths of the shell ; suture delicate, not strongly impressed ; aperture two thirds the length of the shell, narrow-lunate, somewhat dilated by the moderate arching of the pillar margin, the lower third of which takes the direction of the axis ; pillar margin covered by a delicate lamina of white callus. Length of axis, 37 mill. ; breadth, 20 mill. GLANDINA. 87 Glandina bullata, Gould, Pr. Bost. S. N. H., III. 64 (184S) ; T. M., II. 298, PL LXII. a. — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 139. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 226 (1866). — W. G. Binnky. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 19 (1869). Achatina bullata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., III. 512. Oleacina bullata, Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 24. Near New Orleans, and in St. Laundry Parish, Louisiana ; a species of the Southern Region. Animal unknown. Probably a variety of G. truncata. Glandina Texasiana, Pfeiffer. Shell oblong, rather solid, with crowded longitudinal striae, shining pellucid, flesh-colored ; spire convex-conic, obtuse ; suture pale, minutely denticulated ; whorls rather convex, the last rather longer than the spire, some- Fi 9 what attenuated at the base ; columella quite arched, forming at its base a white, twisted, abruptly truncated lamina ; aperture scarcely oblique, acutely oval ; peristome simple, obtuse. Length 29, diameter 1k, those nearest the apex striated transversely with very minute and delicate wrinkles; suture distinct, not much impressed ; aperture transverse, not expanded, the plane of the aperture making nearly a right angle with the plane of the base of the shell ; peristome simple, thin, acute; base flattened, .j^nbilieal region a little impressed; umbilicus small, round, and deep, not exhibiting the volutions. Greater diameter 20, lesser 16 mill; height, 6 mill. 108 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Helix subplana, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. Part I. cover, p. 3 (1842) ; IV. 241 (1842); Terr. Moll., II. 229, PI. XXXIII. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 112. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 110. Hyalina subplana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 250 (1866). Zonites subplanus, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 288 (1869). A spedes of the Cumberland Subregion, having been found in Eastern Tennessee and Lawrence County, Kentucky. It has also been found in West- ern Pennsylvania in the mountains. The only American species which this shell can be said to resemble is Z. inornatus, which in size and color is quite like it, and at first sight may be taken for it. It differs from it in the following particulars : The upper and lower surfaces are both more flattened, and the outline is a more perfect circle. The number of whorls, in specimens of the same size, is greater by nearly one volu- tion. The surface of the whorls is less rounded ; the last whorl expands but very little towards the aperture ; the base is broader, less indented, and very flat ; the umbilicus is rounder, and better defined ; and the aperture is not thickened within by a white, testaceous deposit. It is an extremely rare species. Animal unknown. Zonites inornatus, Say. Vol. III. PI. XXXIV. Shell depressed ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, smooth, shining, with very minute lines not breaking the smoothness of the surface; whorls 5; suture not much impressed ; aperture transverse, scarcely oblique, obliquely lunar, with a thick, white testaceous deposit around its whole inner surface, a little distant from the margin ; peristome thin, acute, fragile, its ends somewhat con- verging, the columellar margin reaching to the centre of the base, subdilated alx>ve ; umbilicus small ; base rather flattened, indented in the centre. Greater diameter 16, lesser \2\ mill.; height, 6 mill. Helix inornata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 371 (1S21); Binney's ed. 24. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 419, PI. XXI. Fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 227, PI. XXXIV. —DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 39 (1843).— Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 84 ; IV. 48.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 109. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 314, Figs. 19, 21, 22 (1867). Helix glaphyra, Pfeiffer, olim, Symbols, II. 29, excl. syn. fuliginosa ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 57. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 667. — Not Say. Helix inornata, Binney, not Say, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. 127. Hyalina inornata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866). Zonites inornata, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 289 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 453 (1870). Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black ; foot whitish. Eye-peduncles long and slender. A marginal furrow extending along the ZONITES. 109 edges of the foot, and uniting above and before its posterior termination. Be- hind the junction is a prominent, longitudinal, bluish-white mucus pore, on the extremity of the foot. A distinct locomotive disk. I have received specimens from the mountainous regions of North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, into the western part of New England ; and from the States bordering on the Great Lakes. It may therefore be said to inhabit the Interior Region and the more elevated parts of the Northern Region. It was living in Post-pleiocene days. Plate XXXIV. represents the usual form of the species. A more globose form is figured in Fig- 27. It was found in the mountains Fig. 27. near Ashville, Buncombe Co., N. C, by Dr. Ravenel. The shell which is described above is well known in col- lections, and not easily confounded with any other. It has been unfortunate in its synonymy, whose history is treated •>*'>' •> Zonites mornalus, at length and explained in the fourth volume of the " Ter- Tar< restrial Mollusks" and "Annals of New York Lyceum" quoted above. See also below, p. 113. I have in my collection a curious specimen from the Pennsylvania mountains, in which are three well-developed sharp tooth-like processes on the internal thickened margin of the peristome. My largest specimen has a greater diameter of 22 mill. Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rapidly attenuated ; anterior surface striated ; concave margin smooth with an acute median projection. Lingual membrane with 37 rows of 23 — 1 — 23 teeth each; centrals long, slender, tricuspid ; only 2 perfect laterals, stouter, bicuspid ; marginals acu- leate. Another membrane had 23 — 1 — 23 teeth. Another had 27—1 — 27 teeth, with 29 transverse rows. The transition teeth are peculiar in their base of attachment (PI. II. Fig. II). The genitalia have the same general arrangement as in Z. friabilis, already described. The ovary, however, is very much more developed, being in this species the most conspicuous organ in the system ; the epididymis is less con- voluted, the oviduct is longer, the vagina shorter, the genital bladder more cla- vate, with a shorter duct, and there is a small globular vaginal prostate (PI. XI. Fig. C). Zonites sculptilis, Bland. Shell scarcely perforate, suborbiculur, depressed, subpellucid, pale horn-color above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with regular, subequidistant, impressed transverse lines, those on the last whorl extending over the periphery, and con- verging in the umbilical excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely convex ; whorls 7, planulate, the last rapidly increasing, equal at the aperture to one third the diameter of the shell, beneath flattened, and little excavated in 110 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Fig. 28. the umbilical region; suture lightly impressed ; aperture scarcely oblique, de- pressed, transverse, lunate; peristome simple, acute, sinuate, the columella! - margin very rapidly and narrowly reflected over, and almost en- tirely covering the very small perforation. Greater diameter 12i, lesser 11 mill. ; height, 5 mill. Helix sculptilis, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VI. 279, PI. IX. Figs. 11-13 (1858). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 110, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 15. — Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 5. Hyalina sculptilis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866). — V. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 290 (1869). Anantehely Mountains, North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee, Bridgeport, Ala. It may be considered a species of the Cumberland Subregion. In sculpture it is closely allied to Z. indentatus, of which it might almost be termed a gigantic variety, but the impressed striae are more numerous, and closer together. The form of the aperture is very near that of Z. inornatus. The general aspect of this sherl reminds one of the Asiatic group, to which Helix resplendens, Phil, and //. vitrinoides, Desh. belong. Animal long, slender, dirty-white, bluish on head and eye-peduncles : a dis- tinct locomotive disk, and furrows alongside of foot, meeting over a mucus pore ; tail often recurved at tip, and bearing generally a drop of mucus on it ; eye-peduncles long, slender. Jaw as usual in the genus. Z. sculptilis (PI. II. Fig. P) has 40—1—40 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 4 perfect laterals. Genitalia unobserved. Fig. 29. Zonites Elliotti, Rf.pfif.ld. Shell with rather a narrow umbilicus, depressed-orbiculate, with fine trans- verse stria?, greenish horn-colored, hardly translucent, shining beneath; spire convex but not much raised ; whorls 5, rather convex, last one sometimes very slightly depressed at the aperture; suture deeply impressed; aperture very oblique, lunate-circular; peristome a lit- tle sinuate, acute, but thickened within. Greater diameter 9, lesser 8 mill. ; height, 4 mill. Helix Elliotti, Redfielb, Ann. X. Y. Lye, VI. 170, PI. IX. Figs. 8-10 (1856). — Gould, Terr. Mull., 111. 23. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 116, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 18. Macrocyclis Elliotti, Tryon, atu. Journ. Condi., II. 246, LI. 111. Fig. 1" (1866). Zonites Elliotti, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 201, Fig. 528 (1869). Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and Wayne County, West Vir- ginia. It is a species of the Cumberland Subregion. Animal with a distinct oaudal mucus pore, locomotive disk, ami longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot. It is therefore a true Zonites. ZONITES. Ill Jaw as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. C) has 32—1—32 teeth, with G perfect laterals. Of the genitalia I can only state the existence of the dart sac and dart as in Z. ligerus. Zonites cerinoideus, Anthony. Shell perforated, globosely flattened, shining, light horn-color, scarcely wrinkled by lines of growth ; whorls 7, hardly convex, the last slightly in- flated below ; aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome simple, acute, its ends joined by a light callus. Greater diameter 7, .^L. ' loser 6 mill.; height, 3 mill. Helix cerinoidea, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch., I. 351, PI. XXV. Fig. 4 (Oct. 1865). Mesomphix cerinoidea, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 255, PI. IV. Fig. 36 (1866). Hyalina cerinoidea, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 30, Fig. 30 (1869). Jacksonville, Fla. ; Charleston, S. C. ; Newbern, N. C. ; Norfolk, Va. It may be a species of the Florida Subregion, thence ranging northward along the Atlantic Coast. The specimen figured was loaned by Mr. Anthony. Animal with mucus pore, longitudinal furrows, and locomotive disk charac- teristic of the genus. A form of this or some allied species furnished with two lamellar teeth within the aperture has been noticed as var. cuspidata, by Lewis, Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1875, 331. Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane with 34 — 1 — 34 teeth ; 9 perfect laterals (PI. III. Fig. B). Genitalia with dart and sac as in Z. ligerus. Subgenus HYALINA, s. s. Animal as in Mtsomjih'u (see p. 98). Shell umbilicated, sometimes perforated, depressed; shining and vitreous; whorls 5 or 6, regularly increased ; spire very rarely conic-elevated ; aperture rounded lunate; peristome thin, acute, straight. Zonites cellarius, Muller. Vol. III. PI. XXIX. Fig. 4. Shell very much depressed, thin, fragile, pellucid; epidermis light greenish horn-color, smooth, highly polished ; whorls 5, slightly rounded, with minute 112 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. and almost imperceptible oblique stria? ; aperture not dilated, its transverse diameter the greatest ; umbilicus moderate, regularly rounded, deep ; base rounded, thickened within by a testaceous deposit, bluish-white ; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11| mill. ; height, 5 mill. Helix cellaria, Muller, Hist. Verm., II. 28. — Pfeiffer, Mon., I. 111. — Bin- ney, Bost. Journ., III. 421 ; Terr. Moll., II. 230, PI. XXIX. Fig. 4.— Gould, Inv., 180, Fig. 104, exel. syn. ? (1841). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 37, PI. III. Fig. 35 (1843). — Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I. 233, PI. VII. Fig. 1 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 111. Eyalina cellaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 12, Figs. 18, 19, PI. V. Fig. 20 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 249 (1866). —Morse in Am. Nat., I. 541, Fig. 29 (1867). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 30 (1869).— Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 395 (1870). Helix glaphyra, Say, Nich., Encycl., Am. ed., PI. I. Fig. 3, 1816 ; Binney's ed. 7, PI. LXIX. Fig. 3. — Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 194.— Bland, N. Y. Lye. Ann., VI. 352, not of Pfeiffer, Reeve, Desha yes. An European species, introduced by commerce into Philadelphia, Astoria, N. Y., Connecticut, Providence, Newport, R. I., Boston, Salem, Lynn, Marble- lead, Portland, Halifax. It is common in cellars and gardens in Boston. It has also been carried to Australia. Animal : upper surface light indigo blue, darkest on the head, neck, and eye- peduncles, collar greenish, eyes black ; foot narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely. A distinct locomotive disk, longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, uniting over a longitudinal mucus pore 1 of the same nature described under Z. fuliginosus (p. 98). Jaw strongly arcuate, ends bluntly rounded ; centre of anterior surface slightly striate ; lower margin smooth, with a median projection. Lingual membrane quite peculiar ; the figure (PI. II. Fig. G) shows one half of one transverse line with the median tooth; 14 — 1 — 14 teeth. The central tooth has side cusps, but not cutting points, as in Z. IcBvigatus. There can hardly be said to be one perfect lateral, the first side tooth being peculiar in having an inner side cutting point instead of the usual outer side cusp and cutting point. The second side tooth is like the first, the third is decidedly modified, the fourth is a true marginal of the usual aculeate form. The figures of dentition of the foreign form (by Lehmann, Lindstrbm, Sem- per, etc.) agree with mine. I am not aware of this peculiar dentition having been noticed in any other species but alliarius. 1 No mention of the caudal pore is made by Draparnaud, Moquin-Tandon, Forbes and Hanley, Reeve, Gray, or Gwyn Jeffreys. It is also overlooked in Semper, Phil. Archip. ZONITES. 113 Genitalia (Vol. I. PL VII. Fig. I) with no accessory organs. The penis sac is long, tapering towards the apex, where it receives the vas deferens and re- tractor muscle. The genital bladder is elongate oval on a short duct. In this figure the caudal mucus pore is not shown. The penis on the outside presents a row of minute, round, glandular bodies. Zonites Whitneyi, Newcomb. Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, thin, smooth, scarcely marked by the delicate wrinkles, shining, smoky horn-color ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls 4, flattened, the last planulate above and below ; umbilicus broad, pervious ; aperture transversely subcircular ; peristome acute, sim- ^i£=_^ " pie. Greater diameter 5 1 , lesser \\ mill. ; height, 2 mill. Helix Whitneyi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., III. 118 (1864). — Pfeiffeii, Mon., V. 171 (1868). Patula Whitneyi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263 (1866). Hyalina Whitneyi, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 32, Fig. z. Whitneyi 37 (1869). Inhabits the California Region in the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, Cali- fornia, under damp logs and bark. Animal not observed. Zonites nitidus, Muller. Vol. III. PL XXII a. Fig. 2. Shell orbicular, depressed, moderately convex above and concave below, thin, shining, uniform brownish horn-color, with delicate stria? of growth ; whorls 5 or more, convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the outer one disproportionately large, somewhat declining as it approaches the aperture, and obtusely angular at the periphery, beneath excavated around a broad, cra- teriform umbilicus, in which the whorls are displayed to the apex ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, its basal margin arcuate. Greater diameter 1\, lesser 6 mill. ; height, 3§ mill. Helix nitida, Muller, Hist. Verm., II. 32) etc. — Pfeiffer, Mon., II. 94. Helix lucidu, Draparnaud, Moll. Fr., 103, PL VIII. Figs. 11, 12. —Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 233, PL XXII. a, Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 116. Helix hydrophila, Ingalls in coll., unpublished. Hyalina nitida, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 250 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 31, Figs. 35, 36 (1869). Found at Great Slave Lake, Fort Resolution in British America, and in New York and Ohio. Also in Baldwin County, Alabama. I believe, therefore, that it will be found to inhabit all of the Fastern Province, if not the whole North VOL. iv. 8 114 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. American continent; also in Astoria, Oregon, which confirms this statement. It is also found in Japan, and thus, like fulvus, may he considered one of the circumpolar species common bj the three continents. Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane : see Lchmann, Lebenden Schnecken, etc., p. 72, PI. X. Fig. 23, for description and figure of the European form. In a specimen from Baldwin County, Alabama, I find 25 — 1 — 2. r j teeth, with 5 laterals (PI. III. Fig. A, the left-hand figure, is an extreme marginal). Lehmann '_ r ives 28 — 1 — 28. The specimen examined had the dart-sac and dart described in the Euro- pean form. Zonites arboreus, Say. Vol. III. PL. XXIX.. Fig. 3. Shell umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex, thin, pellucid; epidermis amber-colored, smooth, shining; whorls 4-5, with very minute, oblique stria;, apparent when viewed with the microscope; aperture transversely rounded; peristome thin, acute; umbilical region indented; umbilicus moderate, well developed, round, and deep. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4i mill. ; height, 2| mill. Helix arbm-ea, Say, Nich. Encyc, PL IV. Fig. 4; Binney's ed. 5, PI. LXXII. Fig. 5(1816, 1818, 1819). —Eaton,'. Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 111. 422, PI. XXII. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 235, PI. XXIX. Fig. 3. — DeKav, X 1 . Y. Moll., 30, PI. II. Fig. 10 (1843). - Gould, Invertebrata, 182, Fig. 110 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 160 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Mon. II. 1. Viv., I. 95. —Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 114, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 33 - 35. — Peeve, Con. Iron., 733. —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 116. —Mouse, Amer. Nat, I. 512, Fig. 30 (1867). Helix Ottonis, Pfeiffer, olim, Weigm. Arch., 1840, I. 251. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 238, PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 3. — W. G. Finney, T. M., IV. 117. Hyalina arborea, Mouse, Journ. P-ojtl. Soc, I. 14, Fig. 28, PI. VI. Fig. 29 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 251 (1866). - Got'i.u and P.jxney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 396 (1870). — W. G. Binney, L. .v. Fr.-W. Sh., I. 33 (1869). Hyalina Ottonis, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Condi., II. 251 (1806). Helix Breweri, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei., III. US (1864). Hyalina Breweri, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 250, PI. IV. Fig. 27 (1866). — W. G. Finney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. 43, p. 06 (1869). From Labrador to Texas and on the Rio Chama, and Fort Wingate in New Mexico; from Florida to Great Slave Lake; also in Washoe County, Nevada; in Montana; the Pacific Province from British Columbia to San Diego. It may thus lie said to inhabit all North America. It is also said to be found in Cuba; also in Guadeloupe. Jaw arcuate, narrow, with curving, pointed ends; lower margin smooth, with a wide median projection ; upper margin with a corresponding depression. ZONITES. 115 Lingual membrane with 82 rows of 21 — 1 — 21 teeth (Morse). My specimen (PI. III. Fig. F) has about 16 — 1 — 16, with 5 perfect laterals. There are dis- tinct side cusps as well as cutting points to the central and lateral teeth. Animal : head, neck, and eye-peduncles blackish, or indigo blue ; upper parts bluish ; posterior parts whitish, transparent, sometimes wholly white. Foot thin and narrow. It has the longitudinal furrows, but on account of the transparent tissue of the foot, I find it difficult to distinguish any caudal pore. Helix Breweri seems to me synonymous with arboreus, but the de- scription and figure from "Land and Fresh-Water Shells" is here '^, repeated. 7_T Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, shining ; surface unbroken by the wrinkles of growth, very light horn-color; spire scarcely ele- vated ; whorls 4, flattened, the last depressed, shelving towards its base ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture transversely lunar ; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 5 mill. ; height, 2^ mill. Hyaiina Near Lake Tahoe, California. Figure 32 is drawn from an authentic specimen. Z. arboreus is said by Gwynn Jeffreys to be nearly allied to the European Z. ezcavatus (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1872, 245). Zonites viridulus, Menke. Vol. III. PL XXIX. Fig. 1. Shell umbilicated, small, depressed, thin, fragile; epidermis pale, or brown- ish horn-color, wrinkled, shining ; whorls 4, the last rapidly enlarging towards the aperture ; aperture transversely rounded ; peristome simple, its edge rather thickened, not acute ; umbilicus small, but well marked and constant. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4| mill. ; height, 2 mill. Helix electrina, Gould, Invert. 183, Fig. Ill (1841). — Binnev, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 423, PL XXII. Fig. 2 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 286, PI. XXIX. Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 30 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 107. — Mok.se, Amer. Nat., I. 542, Fig. 31 (1867). Helix pura, Alder, teste Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel., IV. 83. Helix janus, Adams MS. (olim), Sheds Vt, Amer. Journ. Soc. [1], XL. 273 (1841). Zonites radiatulus, Reeve, Br. L. k Fr.-W. Sh., 50, Fig. (1863). Zonites striatula, Moquin-Tandon, Moll., Fr. teste Reeve. Helix viridula, Menke, Syn. Meth., ed. 2, 127 ; see also Mai. Bliitt, VIII, 92. Hyaiina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., I. 13, Fig. 23, PL VI. Fig. 24 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 251 (1866). Hyaiina viridula, "W '. G. Binney, L. Sh., I. 34(1869). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 397 (1870). A circumpolar species common to the three continents. In America it has 116 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. been found from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico; in the Central Province, in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. I have not actually, as yet, received it from the Pacific Province, but have no doubt it will be proved to inhabit all the North American continent. Animal bluish-black. I have not verified the existence of a caudal pore or other generic characters. Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed; concave margin smooth, with a me- dian rounded projection. Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. E). Morse gives 54 rows of 27 — 1 — 27 teeth each. I have figured the central and first lateral, with one extreme mar- ginal tooth, drawn from a specimen furnished me by Mr. Allen of Orono, Me. I find 3 lateral teeth. Morse gives a similar figure. The European Z. virididus as figured by Lehmann (Z. purus) has a similar dentition, excepting size of central tooth ; he gives 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, with 3 laterals. •There are distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to centrals and laterals. In size, the depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the number of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the largest wborl, this shell corresponds with Z. indentatus. It differs in its darker, smoky horn-color, its constant um- bilicus, its rather thick and shining peristome, and in its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being remote, are crowded. From arboreus it differs in hav- ing one whorl less, the last one rapidly dilating, its apex not being depressed, its thinner structure and more glossy surface, and in its somewhat smaller um- bilicus. In arboreus the peristome has a flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct section of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and general appear- ance, the three may be readily separated when mingled. Indeed, its claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing the three together. It is found abundantly under fragments of wood, in damp places near the water's edge, in company with Z. fidvus and arboreus, and Vertigo modesta. On its upper surface it appears to be identical with Z. indentatus ; while on the base its resemblance to Z. arboreus is striking. It appears to be a widely diffused and very common species. Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys calls the American form Z. radialulus var. albus (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1872, 245). Genitalia unknown. Zonites indentatus, Say. Vol. III. PI. XXIX. Fig. 2. Shell subperforated, flattened, thin, pellucid ; epidermis highly polished, cor- neous ; whorls rather more than 4, rapidly enlarging, with regular, subequi- distant, radiating, impressed lines, which on the body-whorl extend to the centre of the base, outer whorl expanding towards the aperture ; suture well impressed ; aperture rather large, transverse ; peristome simple, acute, very thiil, at its inferior extremity terminating at the centre of the base of the shell ; ZOXITES. 117 umbilicus none, but the umbilical region is indented. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4^ mill. ; height, 2h mill. Helix indentata, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 372 (1822) ; Binney's ed., 24. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 415, PI. XXII. Fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 242, PI. XXIX. Fig. 2. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 31, PI. III. Fig. 26 (1843).— Gould, Invert., 181, Fig. 109 (1841). —Adams, Vt. Moll., 160 (1842).— Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 21, PI. XXXIV. Figs. 12-15. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 59. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 730 (1852). —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 119. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 413, Fig. 28 (1867). Eyalina indentata, Morse, Journ. Forth Soc, 1. 12, Fig. 21, PI. II. Fig. 11 ; PI. V. Fig. 22 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 246, 411 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 35, Fig. 45 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 398 (1870). Inhabits all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Canada to Texas, and from Dakota to Florida. Also the Central Province, having been found in Utah, and I doubt not its eventually being found also over the Pacific Province, especially on the mountains. It is also said to occur in St. Domingo and Porto Rico. Animal bluish-black on the upper parts ; margin and posterior extremity lighter. A distinct caudal mucus pore. A variety with an open umbilicus is sometimes found (Fig. 33). Jaw somewhat arcuate, long, narrow, ends somewhat attenuated, pointed ; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed, broad median projection. Lingual membrane very broad, with 53 rows of 79 teeth each (39 — 1 — 39) ; another membrane had 38 — 1 — 38, also with 3 per- fect laterals ; centrals tricuspid, the median cusp very, large and longer than the base of attachment ; laterals 3 only on each .,,.., , . . , . , Z.indentatus, side, bicuspid, arranged in a straight transverse row; marginals var. aculeate (PL III. Fig. G). Genitalia not observed. Zonites limatulus, Ward. Vol. III. PL XXX. Fig. 3. Shell widely umbilicated, small, depressed, thin ; epidermis whitish, immac- ulate ; suture distinctly impressed ; whorls more than 4, convex, with very fine, oblique, parallel striae, which become obsolete on the base ; aperture oblique, subcircular, slightly modified by the penultimate whorl ; peristome thin, acute, its ends approaching ; umbilicus rounded, large, and deep, not ex- hibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter 5£, lesser 5 mill. ; height, 2| mill. Helix limatula, Ward, MSS. in Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 434, PL XXI. Fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. U. S., II. 219, PL XXX. Fig. 3. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 113 ; IV. 85. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 100. 118 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Pscudohyalina Kmatula, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866). Hyalina limatula, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 36 (1869). I have actually received specimens from New York to Michigan, and from San Mateo, California. I believe it will prove, therefore, to have as wide a distribution as many of the other minute species. The animal has the longitudinal furrows along the side, above the foot, and the caudal mucus slit, as in Zonites suppressus. In two individuals examined I found the sac and dart as figured by Leidy in Z. ligerus (Vol. I. PI. XII. Fig. 3). Jaw as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane (PI. II. Fig. N) has 23—1—23 teeth, with 5 laterals. Zonites minusculus, Binney. Vol. III. PI. XVII. Fig. 2. Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex ; epidermis whitish ; whorls 4, convex, not increasing rapidly in diameter, with microscopic wrinkles ; suture very distinctly impressed ; aperture nearly circular ; peristome thin, acute ; umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the volutions ; base rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater diameter 2|, lesser 2^ mill. ; height, 1 mill. Helix minuscula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 435, PL XXII. Fig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 221, PL XVII. Fig. 2, excl. syn. — Adams, Vt. Moll., 161 (1842). — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 112, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 20-23.— Pfeiffer, Symbol., II. 33 ; Mon., I. 114. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 731 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 102. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 35 (1867). Helix minutalis, Morelet, nee Fer. Test. Nov., II. 7. Helix apex, Adams, Contr. Conch., 36. — Reeve, 1. c. 339. Helix Lavelleana, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub. in text, 161, excl. PL (1853). Helix Mauriniana, D'Orbigny, 1. c. in PL VIII. Figs. 20-22, excl. text. Pscudohyalina minuscula, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 16, Fig. 34, PL VII. Fig. 35 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866). Hyalina minuscula, W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 37 (1869). Zonites minusculus, Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 175 (1870). From the Red River of the North to Arkansas, Texas, and Florida. It may thus be said to inhabit all the Eastern Province ; in the Central Province in Arizona ; has lately been found in California, and has been traced through Mex- ico into Yucatan ; is quoted from Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. In Japan it has also been noticed (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1868). I am inclined to believe, therefore, that it will prove, like Z. fulvus, to be one of the circumpolar species common to the three continents. Jaw long, narrow, but slightly arcuate, of almost uniform width, ends ZflXITES. 119 Fig. 34. rounded ; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed, broad, median projection. Lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. H). Morse's figure shows 4 perfect lat- erals. He counted 52 rows of 12 — 1 — 12 teeth. It will be noticed that bis figure does not show the cutting points of the side cusps of the central and lat- eral teeth, which I have found in specimens lately examined from Florida. I found a similar number of teeth. Zonites milium, Morse. Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining, white, with a greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular striae of growth and micro- scopic revolving lines, the latter more conspicuous below ; spire but slightly elevated ; whorls 3, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last planulate above, widely umbilicated below ; aper- ture very oblique, subcircular, remote from the axis; peristome simple, acute, its terminations somewhat approached, that of the columella not reflected. Greater diameter 1^ mill.; height, h mill. Helix milium, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc, VII.. 28 (1859). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 101. PL LXXIX. Figs. 4, 5.— Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 36 (1867). Striatum milium, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 18, Figs. 41, 42, PL VII. Fig. 43 (1864). Pseudohyalina milium, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 265 (1S66). Hyalina milium, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 38 (1S69). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 401 (1870). Massachusetts and Maine; Campbell County, Kentucky. It has also been noticed in Monterey, near San Francisco, and Nevada County, California. I doubt not that it will be found over the whole continent. ^ m® Lingual Dentition of 7.. milium. 120 TEIRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The surface of the shell is raised in numerous rib-like folds, frequently anas- tomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface and render the folds so cre- nulated that in certain lights the shell appears as if ornamented with strings of beads. This peculiar character disappears at the base of the shell, and is re- placed by revolving lines and regular lines of accretion. Genitalia not observed. Z. milium is described by Morse as having 68 rows of 17 — 1 — 17 teeth on its lingual membrane, with only 2 perfect laterals. The next six teeth are shown to be bifid, not only the one or two transition teeth, but the decided marginals. I have also drawn the membrane of this species (PI. III. Fig. M). I found 18 — 1 — 18 teeth, with 3 laterals. The peculiarity of the lingual of this species is the great development of the central tooth. The jaw also is peculiar in having vertical channels worn upon its anterior surface, extending down to the cutting margin as in the following species. These channels are probably worn by the greatly developed central tooth of the lingual membrane. I do not agree with Morse in considering the great development of the central tooth and the channels on the jaw as generic characters. Zonites Binneyanus, Morse. Shell umbilicated, subglobose, transparent, almost colorless, shining, smooth, with microscopic wrinkles of growth and still more delicate oblique wrinkles : spire not much elevated ; whorls about 4, rounded, lg ^_ gradually enlarging, the last globose, broadly umbilicated below ; aperture oblique, subcircular, large ; peristome simple, acute, extremities not approaching, that of the columella subreflected. Greatest diameter, 4 mill.; height 2 mill. Hyalina Binneyana, Morse, Journ. Portl. N. H. Soc, I. 13, Figs. 25, 26 ; PI. II. Fig. 9; PI. VI. Fig. 27 (1864). — Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 252 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 39 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., new ed., 400 (1870). Helix Binneyana, Mokse, Amer. Nat., I. 542, Fig. 32 (1867). Southern part of Maine ; Tawas Bay, Michigan ; Massachusetts. It may be considered peculiar to the Northern Region. Jaw very broad, arched, ends attenuated, bluntly rounded; concave margin with a small rounded median projection, on either side of which are two smaller projections (Morse). Lingual membrane described by Morse with 60 rows of 23 — 1 — 23 teeth ; centrals tricuspid ; laterals 2, bicuspid, but with a third cusp-like process on the inner side ; marginals aculeate. On PI. III. Fig. I, I give a figure of the teeth on a membrane examined by me, kindly furnished by Mr. Anson Allen, of ZOXITES. 121 Orono, Maine. I find 19 — 1 — 19 teeth, with 3 laterals. I doubt there being any inner cutting points to the lateral teeth, as observed by Mr. Morse on the lingual examined by him. In Am. Journ. Conch. I. 188, Mr. Tryon proposes for this species the name Morsei, on account of Helix Binneyana, Pfr. I have retained Morse's name, as it is not preoccupied in the genus Zonites. In his first catalogue of Maine Shells, Mr. Morse uses the name Binneyi, which can be employed, if necessary, to distinguish the species from Pfeiffer's. Genitalia not observed. Zonites ferreus, Morse. Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, transparent, of a very light steel-gray color, not shining, marked with very delicate incremental wrinkles and micro- scopic revolving lines ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls 3, rounded, the last rapidly enlarging, globose ; aperture large, transversely subcircular; peristome simple, acute, its ex- tremities not approaching, that of the columella scarcely sub- reflected. Greatest diameter, 2\ mill. ; height, 1 j mill. Striatum ferrea, Morse, Proc. Portl. S. N. H., I. 17, Figs. 36-40, and PI. II. Fig. 10 (1864). Hyalina ferrea, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 253 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 40 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 401 (1870). Helix ferrea, Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 544, Fig. 37 (1867). Maine : a species of the Northern Region. Jaw angularly arched, ends ta- pering, acute ; anterior surface deeply channelled in its centre ; concave margin smooth, with a deep, median indentation, probably worn by the greatly developed cen- tral tooth of the lingual membrane. Lingual membrane with 39 curv- ing rows of 20 — 1 — 20 teeth ; centrals enormously developed, very broad, tricuspid, the middle cusp very broad; two bicuspid laterals on each side, the inner much the smaller; marginals aculeate. Another membrane (PI. III. Fig. P), had also 20—1—20 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals. Genitalia unobserved. Fig 38. Jaw of Z. ferreus (Morse). Zonites conspectus, Bland. Shell umbilicate, subdepressed, thin, with oblique, rather distant rib-like striae, the interspaces microscopically striate, dark horn-colored ; spire convex, with smooth, obtuse apex ; suture deep ; whorls 4, convex, gradually increas- ing, the last broader, rounded, slightly descending above; umbilicus about 122 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Fig. 39. '/.. conspectus, enlarged. equal to two sevenths the diameter of the shell ; aperture ob- lique, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, straight, the margins approaching, the columellar margin scarcely dilated. Greater diameter 2, lesser If mill.; height, 1 mill. Helix conspecta, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII. 163, Fig. 7 (Nov. 1865). Pseudohyalina conspecta, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 265 (1866). Hyalina conspecta, W. G. Binney, L. [& Fr.-W. Sh., I. 41 (1869). In the Pacific Province at San Francisco and Monterey, California. In the Central Province at Cunningham Gulch, Colorado. Z. conspectus differs from Patula asteriscus in having an elevated spire and a smaller umbilicus. The rib-like striae are more numerous, but scarcely raised above the 'surface of the shell, which, under the microscope, is very similar to that of II. asteriscus. Z. exiguus also has very prominent ribs, but they are independent of the striae of growth and run obliquely to them. Animal not observed. Zonites exiguus, Stimpson. Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, pellucid, greenish horn-color, marked with delicate revolving lines, and distant longitudinal ribs obliquely decus- sating the incremental striae ; spire scarcely elevated, apex free from striae ; whorls 3^, convex, the last rounded, widely umbilicated below; aperture oblique, transversely rounded, remote from the axis ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity not reflected. Greater diameter, 2i mill. ; height, I mill. Helix exigua, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc, III. 175 (1850). —Gould, T. M., III. 16. —W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 102, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 19. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 102. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 543, Fig. 34 (1S67). Helix annulata, Case in Sill. Journ. [2] 1847, III. 101, Figs. 1-3; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, 338, preocc. 1 — Pfeiffer, Mon., III. 103. Helix striatella, junior, teste Gould, Sill. Journ., III. 276 (1847). Pseudohyalina exigua, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 16, PI. II. Fig. 8 ; PI. VII. Fig. 33 (1864). —Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 265, PI. IV. Fig. 57 (1866). Hyalina exigua, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 42 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 400 (1870). A species of the Northern Region, noticed hitherto in Canada, New York, and New England ; Tawas Bay, Michigan. i This name is preoccupied in Helix, not hi Zonites, and should be adopted, according to the strict laws of nomenclature. ZONITES. 123 Fig. 41 shows the peculiar sculpturing of this species. Fig. 41. Jaw very low, wide, but slightly arcuate : no median promi- nence to the cutting margin. The lingual membrane has 69 rows of 16 — 1 — 16 teeth each ; centrals with one long, slender, middle, and two short side cusps ; laterals 4, of same shape, but bicuspid ; marginals aculeate, diminishing greatly in size as they pass off laterally. The transition teeth and several of the adjoining marginals are described by Morse with a small side spur to their cusps, apparently of the same type as I have figured for Macrocyclis Vancouverensis (PI. I. Fig. B). On PI. III. Fig. D, I give a drawing of a specimen ex- amined by me. I found 16 — 1 — 16 teeth, with 5 laterals. Zonites chersinellus, Dall. Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, transparent, lightest horn-color, shin- ing, with distant incremental wrinkles; spire slightly elevated; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last depressed-globose ; umbilicus narrow, pervious ; aperture oblique, lunately subcircular ; peristome sim- ple, acute. Greater diameter, 3 mill. ; height, 1 mill. Fig. 43. Helix (Conidus) chersinella, Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 328. PI. XXI. Fig. 4 (1866). Conulus chersinella, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. 162 (1867). Z. chersinellus. Hyalina chersinella, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 47 (1869). " Big Trees," Calaveras County, California : it must be considered a species of the California Region. The description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen Animal not observed. Zonites capsella, Gould. Vol. III. PI. XXIX a. Fig. 2. Shell quite small, planorboid, pellucid, glistening, amber- colored ; spire nearly plane, composed of about 6^ closely revolving, flattened whorls ; surface with distant, impressed, radiating striae ; suture margined ; aperture narrow, semi- lunar; peristome simple, not thickened by callus within ; base perforated by a deep, rather small, funnel-shaped umbilicus. Greater diameter, 5 mill ; height, 2\ mill. Helix rotula, Gould, P-oc. Bost. Soc, III. 38 (June, 1848). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hei., III. 107, preocc. 1 Helix capsella, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 239, PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 117. — Lewis, Amer. Journ. Conch., VI. 188, PI. XII. p. 12 (1871). 1 The strict rules of nomenclature would require the use of Gould's first name, rotula, which is not preoccupied in Zonites. Z. capsella. 124 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Hyalina capsella, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., II. 252 (1866). — W. G. BlNNET, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 76, Fig. 72 (1S69). Mountains of Eastern Tennessee : a species of the Cumberland Subregion. Animal unknown. Formerly I referred as a synonyme to this species, Z. placentula, q. v., describing and figuring the animal and dentition. I am, however, now con- vinced of its difference. See below. Zonites placentula, Shuttleworth. Shell widely umbilicated, very much depressed, arctispiral, very shining, marked by irregular, distant, impressed striae, '■ V-'K horn-color, diaphanous, below of uniform color: whorls 7, most ^cc£g|?" I gradually increasing, scarcely convex, the last convex below, subexcavated around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 7h, lesser 6^ mill ; height, 3 null. Near Z. demissus, but most readily distinguished by its more depressed shell, its wider umbilicus, and especially by the ab- z placentula sence of the heavy opaque white callus in the aperture on the base of the last whorl (Shuttl.). Zonites placentula, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mit. 1852, 194. — Gould in Terr. Moll., III. 19. — Pfeiffer, Mon., III. 631. A species of the Cumberland Subregion, having been received from the moun- tainous region of Tennessee (Jalapa, etc.) ; from Whitley County, Ken- tucky, from Lexington, Virginia. I have also received it from the Hot Springs of Arkansas, proving that it has the southwestern range beyond this subregion noticed in many of its species. It is also quoted, but I think incorrectly, from Colorado by Ingersoll. Animal with distinct locomotive disk, longitudinal furrows, and caudal mucus pore. Jaw as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. L) has 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 3 J3erfect laterals, and 1 transition tooth. This species has been confounded with Z. capsella, but differs greatly in many particulars, especially in its general outline, number of whorls, width of umbilicus. There are sometimes 8 full whorls. Subgenus CONULUS, (Fitz.) Moq.-Tand. Animal (of Z. fulvus) bluish-black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, lighter on the sides and base ; foot very narrow, thread-like. A distinct caudal mucus pore. Shell imperforate, or very narrowly perforate, turbinate, arcti-spiral ; whorls 5-6, rather convex ; aperture depressed-lunar, the penultimate whorl strongly excided, somewhat oblique. Peristome with margins separated. ZONITES. 125 Zonites fulvus, Draparnaud. Vol. III. PI. XVII. Fig. 4. Shell imperforate, sub-conical, thin, pellucid; epidermis smooth, shining, minutely striated, amber-colored ; whorls 5 or 6, rounded, very narrow ; suture distinct and deep ; aperture transverse, narrow ; peristome simple, acute ; base convex; umbilical region indented, umbilicus closed. Greater diameter 4, lesser 3| mill; height, 3 mill. Helix chersina, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 156 (1821) ; Binney's ed. 18, 81. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 416, PI. XXVI. Fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 243, PI. XVII. Fig. 4. —Gould, Invertebrata, 185, Fig. 105 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162 (1842); Sillim. Journ. [i], XL. 273.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll, 44, PL XXXV. Fig. 338 (1843). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 119. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 544, Fig. 38 (1867). Helix egena, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., V. 120 (1825); Binney's ed. 30.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843). —Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 237, PL XXX. Figs. 19-21? (1846). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1263 (1854). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 31, not of Gould in Terr. Moll. Helix fulva, Draparnaud, Mighels, Bost. Journ., IV. 333, — Chemnitz, Pfeiffer (Mon. H., I. 30), Reeve, Forbes and Hanley. Conulus chersinus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. I. 19, Figs. 44, 46 ; PI. II. Fig. 4 ; PI. VII. Fig. 45 (1864). Conulus chersina, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. II. 256 (1866). Hyalina fulva, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 46, Fig. 73 (1869). Hyalina chersina, Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., new ed. 402 (1870). A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. It appears to in- habit all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Great Slave Lake to Texas and Florida. In the Pacific Province it has been found in Sitka, and at Lake Tahoe and San Gorgonio Pass in California. In the Central Province in Colorado and Nevada. It may eventually be found to inhabit the whole North American continent. Animal bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, lighter on the sides ajid base ; foot very narrow, threadlike, with a caudal mucus pore. Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated ; anterior surface smooth ; concave margin smooth, with an obtuse median projection. Lingual membrane: Morse gives 80 rows of 18 — 1—18 teeth, with 7 lat- erals. The specimen examined by me (from Orono, Maine) has 30 — 1 — 30 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals. The difference in the number of the marginals is unusual for two individuals of the same species. The peculiarity of the lingual is the bifurcation of all the marginal teeth. On PI. II. Fig. E, I have drawn one central with its adjacent lateral, and one marginal extracted from a Maine specimen. By the bifurcation of the marginals this species is allied to Vitrinoconus 126 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. (Semper, Phil. Archip.) ; also Z. Gundlachi, which, however, has some of its marginals even tricuspid, and tricuspid laterals. The American form here under consideration was described by Mr. Say under the name chersina. Judging from its shell alone, it seems identical with the European Z.fulvus. It has thus been considered one of the circumpolar species common to the three continents, and is so treated above. My confidence of this identity, however, is now shaken by a study of the description and figure by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, etc., p. 79, PI. X. Fig. 24), of the dentition of the European Z.fulvus. He gives 86-100 rows of 25 — 1 — 25 teeth ; the first two laterals he makes tricuspid, while they are only bicuspid in our form. The marginals appear to lie bifid. The question of identity must therefore, I fear, be considered as still open. It is found under, and in the interstices of wet, decaying wood, under layers of damp leaves in forests, and under fragments of wood on the borders of ponds. The above-named localities prove this to be a widely spread species. Its diminutive size has probably prevented its being observed in other places. It offers but few varieties, and is easily distinguished by its conical form, and thin, amber-colored, transparent shell. It is a very beautiful and delicate little species. The spire is elevated, turreted, attaining even seven full volutions, with an obtuse apex ; at other times it is much lower, with a somewhat pointed apex, and not exceeding five volutions. In the latter case, the base is of course much broader in proportion to the height, and the outer whorl is obtusely cari- nated. This carinated form is H. egena of Say, of which Dr. Binney writes: — '•I have recently examined the original specimen of the shell described by Mr. Say as Helix egena, and by him deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in Philadelphia. I could not, on careful comparison, detect any difference between it and the depressed variety of H. cheisina. Mr. J. S. Phillips, the obliging curator of the department of Conchology in that institu- tion, joined me in the opinion that the two are clearly identical." The elevated form only is figured in the "Terrestrial Mollusks." It is interesting to state that in Europe also these two extreme forms are known to exist, the analogue of egena being called Mortoni (Jeffreys). The plane of the base is so nearly horizontal that the shell, when set upon its base, is upright. It is so transparent that some of the sutures of the spire are visible through the substance of the shell, when viewed on the base. There is a variety with an internal tooth. Zonites Fabricii. Beck:. Shell subimperforate, conical, thin, lightly striated, pellucid, reddish; spire conical, rather acute; suture profound; whorls 6, convex, narrow, the last wider, rather convex at base, impressed at the centre : aperture vertical, widely ZOXITES. 127 lunar; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity reflected above, simu- lating a perforation. Greater diameter 4, lesser 3| mill. ; height, 3 mill. Helix Fabrieii, Beck, Ind. 21, no descr. — Moller, Ind. Moll. Fie 45. Gr., 4 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Zeit. f. Mai. 1848, V. 90; Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 32. —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1459. — W. G. Binney, T. M. U. S., IV. 120. Helix Hamvionis, Strom. Trondh. selsk. skrift, III. 425, PI. IV. 7 FabUcii PV. 16. enlarged. Helix nitida, Fabricius, Fauna Gr. 389 (doubted by MbRCH, I. c). Conulus Fabrieii, Morch, Nat. Bidr. af Gr., 75 (no descr.). — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 256 (1866). — Morch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 29, PI. III. Fig. 5 (1S68). Hyalina Fabrieii, VV. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-VV. Sh., I. 47 (1869). Greenland. Animal black, mantle dirty yellow, with black spots, which are to be seen through the shell. Foot long, narrow. Eye-peduncles long, and proportionally rather thick. Tentacles short, blunt (Morch). Fig. 45 is copied from an original drawing by Morch, 1. c. I have not seen the species, which certainly must be nearly allied to, if not identical with, fulvus. Zonitea Gundlachi, Pfeiffer. Vol. III. PL XXII. A, Fig. 3. Shell perforated, depressed-conic, rather solid, pale rusty-brown, striated with numerous faint lines of growth ; spire elevated, having about five closely re- volving, well-rounded whorls, separated by a very deep suture ; periphery rounded ; base convexly rounded, and excavated around a small, deep perfo- ration ; aperture nearly circular, interrupted for a short space by the penulti- mate whorl; peristome simple, slightly expanded, and at the columellar region decidedly reflexed. Greater diameter 2\, lesser 2j mill.; height, 1§ mill. Helix Gundlachi, Pfeiffek, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, I. 250; Mon. Hel. Viv. I. 50 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, I. 239, PI. XXX. Figs. 25-28. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 121. Helix pusilla, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Nat. 1839, I. 351, nee Lowe. Helix egena, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 245, PL XXII. a, Fig. 3. not of Say. Conulus Gundlachi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 256 (1866). A species of the Florida Subregion. Also in Cuba and St. Thomas, Porto Rico, Vieque, Guadeloupe. Tate (Amer. Journ. Conch., V. 155) quotes it from Nicaragua. The species observed by him has the caudal generic characters (nut dentition) of Guppya. The species is viviparous. Jaw not examined. Lingual membrane of a Guadeloupe specimen (PL II. Fig. D, shows 3 128 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. marginals from 2 adjoining transverse rows), 23 — 1 — 23 teeth, with 4 per- fect laterals. This lingual is peculiar in having its marginals bluntly bifid, as in Nanina and Vitrina. Some of the marginals are even trifid. In this re- spect it agrees with the dentition of Vitrinoconus, as does also Z.fuluus, but from that genus it differs in having its lateral teeth tricuspid like the centrals. Its dentition is altogether peculiar. Genitalia not observed. Zonites Stearnsi, Bla;>d. With land shells from the west coast, kindly sent to me for examination by my friend Mr. Stearns, I lately noticed a single specimen of a form from Astoria, Oregon, allied to Microplnjsa Lansingi. It is larger, more elevated, and more distinctly striated than that species, has 7 whorls, with rather wider and more rounded aperture, but without the lamella within the outer margin of the peristome. The measurements are, greater diameter 4, lesser 3^ mill. ; height 2h mill. Having before me a single specimen, I am unwilling formally to describe the species, which for the present I designate as Zoniles Stearnsi (Bland). Fig. 46. Zonites Stearnsi. This is all the information I can give on this species. It is copied from Bland, Ann. of Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XL 76, Fig. 3 (1875). Subgenus GASTRODONTA, Albers. Animal (of Z. sitppressus) bluish-black, darker on the head, eye-peduncles, and neck ; eye-peduncles long and filiform, tentacles short. Length twice the Fi „ 4 - diameter of the shell. On the upper surface of the extremity of the foot is the mucus pore, a longitudinal fissure or furrow from which mucus exudes in great quantities, and which the animal shuts and closes at will. A distinct locomotive disk and longi- suppressus, tudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, enlarged. gheU su t )per f orate or umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light horn-color, sometimes glassy, with more or less numerous wrinkle-like strife ; whorls 5 - 7 ; aperture lunate, its base generally furnished with fold-like den- ticles not reaching its margin ; peristome simple, acute. ZONITES. 129 Zonites gularis, Say. Vol. III. PI. XXXVII. Figs. 3, 4. Shell subpcrf orated, subcorneal ; epidermis shining, pale yellowish horn-color; sjiire sometimes tending to a point, at other times obtuse ; whorls 7 or 8, very minute at the apex, increasing in diameter regularly and gradually, until they reach the aperture, with strongly marked, curved wrinkles ; suture impressed and distinct; aperture transverse, not much expanded ; peristome simple, thin at its edge, within thickened with a white, testaceous deposit ; base flat, in- dented in the centre, near the aperture yellowish-white and opaque ; umbilicus small and rounded in young shells, obsolete or diminished to a mere point in older ones ; within the base of the aperture are one or two lamelliform, elon- gated, nearly parallel teeth, one near the base, the other more central. Greater diameter, 8 mill.; height, 5 mill. Helix gularis, Say, Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., II. 156 (1822); Binney's ed. 18. — Binney, Bost. Jomn. Nat. Hist., III. 408, PL XI. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 251, PL XXXVII. Figs. 3, 4. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843). — Ferus.sac, Hist., PL LI. a, Fig. 4 (?). — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 183, excl. /3; Symbols, II. 29. excl. /3 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 201, Tab. CI. Figs. 5-8. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., PL CXCI. Fig. 4. ex P.ost. Jomn. — H. & A. Adams (Gastrodonta), Gen. Rec. Mob., PL LXXI. Fig. 4 (no descr.). — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 719 (1852). Helix bicostata, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 182; Symbolae, III. 697 (1852) ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 196, PL C. Figs. 21-23 (1846). — Reeve, 1. c. Gastrodonta gularis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 257 (1866). Zonites gularis, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 292 (1869). A Post-pleiocene species. At present it seems to be restricted to the Cumber- land Subregion. It ranges along the Appalachian chain into Pennsylvania, and southerly into Georgia and Alabama. In East Tennessee it appears to reach its greatest development. Animal bluish-black on head and back, other parts dingy white ; eye-pedun- cles long, slender, enlarged, but not much bulbous at tip; foot above, dirty greenish. A distinct locomotive disk ; longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, meeting over a longitudinal mucus pore. There is an umbilicated variety of the species. The present species resembles some varieties of Z. ligerus, Say, in form and general appearance, although its size is much less. This remark, which was made by Say, in his original description, is entirely inapplicable to the speci- mens which are usually known as Z. gularis. It also resembles Z. suppressus, Say, the next described species, with which it has long been confounded. But it has at least one more whorl ; the spire is much higher ; the nucleus of the VOL. IV. 9 130 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. shell is smaller, so that the first two whorls are finer and more delicate ; and the base is not so convex. The base of the shell is exceedingly like that of Z. interims. It is the totality of the characters which makes up the species ; for indi- viduals differ considerably in the height of the spire, the size of the umbilicus, and in the degree of prominence of the teeth. One tooth is often wanting. The deposition of testaceous matter, thickening the shell at its aperture, occu- pies about one fourth of the base, through which it is seen. The character of the lamellar folds, within the aperture, resembles those of Sagda epistylium, Mid- ler, in which species they are large and prominent. .Jaw highly arcuate, ends attenuated, anterior surface smooth, cutting cd^e with a well-developed median projection. The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. K) has 30—1—30 teeth, with 10 per- fect laterals. The genitalia have the two accessory glands to the dart sac, as in intertexius, while supprcssus has but one. Zonites suppressus, Say. Vol. III. PL XXXVII. Fig. 1. Shell convex depressed, thin, pellucid ; epidermis polished, yellowish horn- color ; spire flat; whorls 6, with crowded, minute, oblique stria 1 ; suture im- pressed, distinct; aperture transverse, not expanded; peristome simple, thin at its ed^e, thickened within ; base rather convex, near the aperture opaque, yellowish-white ; umbilicus small, but rounded and distinct in young shells, obsolete or hardly apparent in older ones ; within the peristome are 1 or lamelliform, elongated, oblique teeth. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4 mill.; height, 2 mill. Helix suppressa, Say, New Harm. Diss., II. 229 (1829); Descr. 14; Binney's e d. 36. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, III. 410, PI. XI. Fig. 3; Terr. Moll., II. 253, PL XXXVII. Fig. 1. — DeKay, X. Y. Moll., 38, PI. III. Fig. 24 (1S43). — Reeve, Con. Icon. 723. — Yv. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 411, Fig. 25 (1807). — Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viw, IV. 153. — Leidy, anat, Terr. Moll., I. PI. XII. Fig. VIII. Helix gularis, var. /3, Pfkiffer, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, etc. See Z. gularis. Gastrodonta suppressa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866). Zonites suppressa, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., I. 293 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 454 (1870). I have considered this as a species of the Interior Region, which has passed those limits ranging into the Northern and Southern Regions. I have actually received it from New England to Florida and to Michigan. Animal : see p. 94, and Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist., III. PI. XI. Fig. 3. This shell does not correspond exactly with Say's description ; but I think it is the same that he described under this name. Having received, from dif- ZONITES. 131 ferent localities, suites of them, of different sizes, I notice that the "umbilicus small, orbicular, profound," of Say, exists only in young specimens, it being closed in the full-grown shell. It resembles the preceding species, but has one whorl less, is more depressed, and its base is more convex. The tooth in the aperture is sometimes so little prominent as to be hardly visible ; at other times there are 3 teeth. The striae of growth are fine and crowded, and seem to be more nearly at right angles with the suture than is usual in other species. Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rounded ; concave margin smooth, with a stout, rounded, blunt, median projection. Z. suppressus (PI. III. Fig. J, the marginals are from near the edge of the mem- brane) has 30 — 1 — 30 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals on its lingual membrane. The genitalia are figured by Leidy (1. c.) as in Z. intertextus (see above). I have already under Z. gularis pointed out the specific distinction between that species and suppressus, furnished by the genital system. Zonites lasmodon, Phillips. Vol. III. PL XXXVII. Fig. 2. Shell very much flattened above, a little convex ; epidermis corneous, shin- ing ; whorls 7, narrow, very slowly increasing in diameter from the apex to the aperture, and not expanding at the aperture, with minute, transverse striae and wrinkles ; suture moderately impressed ; peristome thin, acute ; aperture nearly circular; within, upon the base, are 2 prominent, white, testaceous laminae, nearly parallel, and extending far into the cavity of the whorl ; umbilicus large, rather expanded, and deep ; base smooth, well rounded from the um- bilicus to the circumference. Greatest diameter, 6 mill. ; height, 2\ mill. Helix lasmodon, 1 Phillips, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII. 182 (1842); Troc. of same, I. 28 (1841). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 254, PI. XXXVII. Fig. 2. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 142, V. 216 (1868). — W. G. BlNNEY, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. Helix macilcnta, Shuttleworth, Hern. Mit. 1852, 195. — Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 20. —Pfeiffer, 1. c. III. 640. Gastrodonta lasmodon, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 257 (1866). Hyalina lasmodon, W. G. BlNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. A species of the Cumberland Subregion, found thus far only in Eastern Ten- nessee and in the mountains of Northern Alabama. Animal with the distinct locomotive disk, the longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, and the caudal mucus pore characterizing Zonites. Jaw and lingual as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane (PL III. Fig. O) has 41 — 1 — 41 teeth, with 9 perfect laterals. The reflected portion of the centrals and laterals is short, as in Vitrina. Genitalia not observed. 1 Should not the name he rather elasmodo?i t 132 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOELUSKS. Zonites significans, Bland. Shell umbilicate, depressed, discoidal, thin, with fine irregular stria;, which are almost ohsolete at the base, shining, pale horn-colored ; spire little elevated ; Fie 48 suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6, subplanulate, the last roundly inflated, rather flat at the base, excavated around the umbilicus, which is pervious, and equal almost to one fifth of the diameter Oof the shell ; aperture oblique, depressed, lunate ; peristome sim- ple, acute. Greater diameter 4i, lesser 4 mill. ; height, 2 mill. Helix significans, Bland, Am. Journ. Conch., II. No. 4, p. 372, [zT^niJi. PL XXI. Fig. 9 (1866). Gastrodonta significans, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 163 (1866). Hyalina significans, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. (1869). Fort Gibson, Indian Territory ; Union County, Tennessee. I consider it a species of the Cumberland Subregion, with the western range shared by many of the species of the subregion. In a young specimen of significans, having 4 whorls only, there are 3 small teeth, one by itself, and at some distance from it 2 others, situated as the teeth are in mullidentata. Whether these teeth are or not constant in the antepenultimate whorl of significans, I am unable to determine. It is especially allied to Z. multidentatus, from which it differs in being of larger size with wider umbilicus (Bland). Jaw not observed. Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. R) ; 16 — 1 — 16 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals. Genitalia not observed. Zonites intemus, Say. Vol. HI. PI. XXX. Fig. 4. Shell very narrowly perforated, depressed, slightly convex ; epidermis red- dish-brown, shining ; whorls 8, with regular, equidistant, elevated, oblique, rounded ribs, separated by distinct grooves ; suture deeply impressed ; aper- ture flattened, transverse, narrow ; peristome thin, acute, thickened internally ; within the base of the aperture, somewhat distant from the margin, are 2 prominent, sub-lamelliform, white teeth, not reaching the edge of the peri- stome ; base smooth, polished, umbilical region indented. Greater diameter, 5£ mill. : height, 3| mill. Ilciix interna, Say, Journ. Acad., II. 155(1822); Binney's cd. 18. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 405, PI. XXI. Fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 247, IT. XXX. Fig. 4. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll. 46 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 200, Tab. CI. Figs. 1-4. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 183. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 718. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 121. Helix pomum-adami, Green, Doughty's Cab., III. 35 (1834). Gastrodonta interna, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866). Hyalina interna, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 49, Fig. 79 (1S69). ZONITES. 133 A species of tlic Interior Region, traced thtis far from the Alleghany Moun- tains to Missouri ; Ohio to Georgia. The teeth within the aperture are in general formed of a single prominent lamina, or tooth-like fold ; but sometimes one or both of them are bifid, or even trifid. A second set often, and sometimes a third set, of teeth are seen through the transparent base of the shell, irregularly striated, but generally having equal spaces between each two sets. They are apparent in the youngest as well as in the oldest specimens, and continue to be formed from time to time, so long as the shell increases in size. They probably mark regular periods of growth ; and it may be that these are annual. The growth seems to go on actively for a time, by the addition of new testaceous matter, indicated by the oblique stria?, and then alternates with a season of repose, when the teeth and aperture are formed. The teeth appear never to be entirely absorbed and removed, although the aperture, near which they were originally placed, is often advanced very far beyond them. When in motion, the shell lies hori- zontally on the animal's back. A curious subject of investigation is the albinism, or entire absence of color- ing matter, in the shells of certain individuals of this and other species. The albinos of this species are of a pure, lively white, while the contained animal is highly colored. Mr. Anthony remarks that about one seventh of all the speci- mens collected by him in the neighborhood of Cincinnati are colorless. As they are apparently operated upon by the same physical agents which influence the others, it is not easy to conjecture how this singular effect is produced. The animal is sometimes cream-colored throughout; but in such instances the shell is usually colored. Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black or slate-color ; margin and posterior part of foot white. Eye-peduncles very long, tentacles very short ; body narrow and delicate, in length not much exceeding the diam- eter of the shell. I cannot detect any caudal mucus pore, but it is difficult to see any such, even if existing (as I believe it must), on account of the ex- treme transparency of the animal. Jaw slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed ; a median, beak-like projec- tion to the cutting edge. Lingual membrane as usual in Zonites (PI. III. Fig. Q) with 28 — 1 — 28 teeth ; 4 laterals. The genital system has the dart sac and dart of ligerus. Zonites multidentatus, Binney. Vol. III. PI. XLVIII. Fig. 3. Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-planulate above, very thin, pellucid ; epi- dermis smooth, shining ; whorls 6, narrow, slightly convex, increasing but slowly in diameter, delicately striated, beneath smoother ; suture impressed ; 134 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. aperture semi-lunate, narrow ; peristome acute ; umbilicus very small, rounded, pervious ; base convex, indented around the umbilicus ; two or more rows of very minute, white teeth, radiating from the umbilicus, are seen through the shell, within the base of the last whorl. Greater diameter 3|, lesser 3 mill. ; height, H mill. Helix multidentata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 425, PI. XXII. Fig. 5 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 258, PI. XLVIII. Fig. 3. —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). —Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 201, PL CI. Figs. 9- 12. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 184. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 123. —Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 729. — Morse, Arner. Xat,, I. 543, Fig. 33 (1867). Hyalina multidentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 15, Fig. 31, p. 61, Fig. 30 ; PI. VI. Fig. 32 (1864). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 50, Fig. 80 (1369). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (1870). Gastrodonta multidentata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 258 (1866). A species of the Northern Region, noticed in Maine, Vermont, New York, Ohio ; also Lower Canada. For a figure of the rosy-white, thread-like animal, see Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., III. PI. XXII. Fig. 5. This species possesses characters so marked that it, at first, is not likely to be mistaken for any other. The numerous narrow whorls visible on its upper and plane surface, while only one is seen below, together with its minute, round umbilicus, and narrow aperture, would sufficiently distinguish it; but there is another still more peculiar character. There are from 2 to 4 rows of very minute, delicate white teeth, on the lower side of the interior of the last whorl, radiating from the centre. One row is usually s<> near the aperture as to be seen within it with the aid of a microscope ; the others are more or less remote ; each row contains from 5 to 6 distinct teeth. They are visible through the shell. The transparency of the shell is so great that frequently the sutures of the upper surface can be seen through it, when viewed on the base. With the living animal within, the shell has a roseate tinge. Jaw arcuate, broad in centre, greatly attenuated and blunt at ends ; concave margin smooth, with a slight median projection. The lingual membrane examined (PI. III. Fig. N) had 14 — 1 — 14 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals. Morse gives 68 rows with 15 — 1 — 15 teeth, also 2 perfect laterals. Fossil Species of Zonites. Zonites (Conulus) priscus, Carpenter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1867, p. 331, with Figs. Nova Scotia. Helix (Zonites) marginieola, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch., VI. 315, PI. XIII. Fig. 9, 1871. Oregon Terr. VITRINA. 135 Doubtful Species of Zoxites. Zonitcs cultellatus (see Vol. IV. p. 22, pi. lxxvi. Fig. 6). This species must be re- moved from our catalogue, not having again been found in and most probably not belonging to our limits. Zonitcs Kctvberryana, Vol. IV. p. 20, is a species of the Helicca now described as a new genus Gtyptostoma, q. v. Zonitcs aUiarius has been found in hot-houses in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Chicago. It is said by Morch to be found in Greenland (Amer. Journ. Conch., IV. 29). Zonites Lansingi. See Microphysa. VITRINA, Drap. Animal heliciform, obtuse before, pointed behind. Mantle posterior, with an anterior prolongation covering the back, and with a process or prolongation which is reflected backward upon the shell. A dis- tinct locomotive disk. No caudal mucus pore. Respiratory orifice (i) subcentral, on the right edge of the mantle, under the peristome of the shell. Generative orifice (e) somewhat in the rear of the right eye-peduncle. Anal orifice contiguous to the respiratory orifice. Shell external, imperforate, pellucid, glassy, depressed. Spire short, whorls 2-3, rapidly increasing, the last wide : aperture large ; peristome thin, often membranous. Fig. 50. Animal of Vitrina. 1 Lingual dentition of V. limpida (Morse). F i c j aw is highly arched, ends acuminated, blunt; anterior surface smooth cutting margin with a prominent beak-like median projection. I have figured; the jaw of V. limpida on PI. XVI. Fig. H. I have found it to be the same in V. exilis and Pfeifferi. I have not examined either jaw or lingual membrane in V. AngeliccB. Fig. 50 gives a general idea of the lingual membrane. The centrals have a quadrangular base of attachment, longer than broad. The reflection is short, with three distinct cusps, the median long and slender, bulging at the sides, the outer ones very short ; all the cusps bear cutting points in proportion to their length. The lateral teeth are arranged in straight transverse rows. They are like the centrals, but unsymmetrical by the partial suppression of the inner 1 From Moquin-Tandon. 136 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. side cusp and inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment, and the complete suppression of the cutting point to the inner side cusp. The marginals have a sole-shaped base of attachment, and truly aculeate cutting points, which, however, are bluntly bifid at their points. The marginals are in oblique, curv- ing rows, gradually decreasing in size of the teeth as they pass off laterally. They do not first increase and then decrease, as in Zonites and Glandina, or not, at all events, to the same degree. In V. limpida, as stated below, the seventh marginal appears, however, to be the largest. Vitrina has a world-wide distribution. In North America it is restricted almost exclusively to the Northern Region, excepting on high elevations. Vitrina latissima, Lewis. Shell vitrinaform, very much depressed, thin, fragile, translucent, polished ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 2, very rapidly expanded, with delicate lines of growth and quite conspicuous, separated, deeply impressed, arcuate, transverse lines, and crossed by a few, microscopic, impressed, revolving lines ; aperture nearly equal to half the area of the base of the shell, very oblique, unsymmetrically ovate ; peristome thin and acute, flexuose above and at the columellar origin arising from the axis of the shell ; axis im- perforate ; color of the shell amber brown. Transverse diam- eter, 17.3 mill.; lesser diameter, 11.9 mill; height, 7.1 mill. Tennessee Bald Mountain, G,G00 feet. A species of the Cumberland Subregion. Vitrina latissima, Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila. 1875, 336, PI. XXIII. Fig- 7. Fig. 51 is drawn from the original specimen. I regret not having had an opportunity of seeing the animal, to verify its generic position. Vitrina limpida, Gould. Vol. III. PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 1. Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining ; whorls 2\ to 3, scarcely convex, with very minute lines of increase, the last whorl large and much expanded ; suture not much impressed, sometimes with an impressed line revolving near it; aperture large, subovate, somewhat diminished by the in- trusion of the penultimate whorl ; peristome thin and acute, the columellar margin a little reflected ; axis imperforate. Greatest transverse diameter nearly 6 mill. Vitrina pellucida, DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 25, PI. III. Fig. 42 (1843), not of Muller. — Adams, Sh. of Vt., 162. — Binney, T. M., II. 58, PI. LXVII. a, Fig. 1. V. latissima. VITRINA. 137 Vitrina Americana, Pfeiffeh, Dec. 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc, 156. — Chemnitz, ed. 2, 9, PI. I. Figs. 22-25 (1854). Vitrina limpida, Gould, in Agassiz' Lake Superior, p. 243, 1850 ; Terr. Moll., 1. c. — Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt., II. 10 (1856) ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 798.— W. G. Binney, T. M., 33. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 62. — Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 11, PI. V. Fig. 17 (1864) ; in Amer. Nat., I. 314, Fig 20 (1867).— Tiiyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 243 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., I. 27 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 394 (1870). Found in Maine, Vermont, New Brunswick, and to the northwest of Lake Superior, and at Troy, Utiea, Mohawk, and Palmyra, N. Y. The species may be said to belong to the Northern Region. Animal whitish, grayish, or blackish, large compared with the shell. Head, eye-peduncles, and eyes black ; tentacles very short. The prolongation of the mantle extends from under the shell, over the back and neck to the base of the eye-peduncles, but is unattached and free ; from the right side of the man- tle posteriorly there arises a tongue-shaped process, which is reflected back upon the shell, and reaches to the spire. Respiratory foramen in the nosterior part of the mantle, taken with its prolongation. In V. limpida I have counted 71 rows of 30 — 1 — 30 teeth, with 9 perfect laterals. The seventh marginal is the largest. Another gave 39 — 1—39, with 10 perfect laterals. The membrane figured by Morse had 30 rows of 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 9 laterals. I have figured of this species, on PI. II. Fig. C, one central and its adjacent lateral, and the twenty-third tooth. The marginals increase in size up to the seventh, then gradually decrease. In color the shell varies from almost white to dark horn. Should the species prove identical with the European pellucida, as formerly believed, it must be considered a circumpolar species. . The complete anatomy of pellucida is given by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, 47, PI. IX. Fig. 12). His count of the teeth, 103 rows of 37 — 1 — 37 teeth, does not agree with our species as to number of transverse rows, but that may be far from indicat- ing specific difference. Vitrina Angelicas, Beck. Shell convexly depressed, smooth, polished, pellucid, greenish-yellow ; spire short, subprominent ; suture delicately crenulated ; whorls 3^, rapidly increas- ing, the last broad below ; aperture oblique, lunate-oval ; peri- stome simple, subinflected, its columellar margin not receding and slightly arched. Greatest diameter 6, lesser 4§ mill.; height, 3| mill. Vitrina Angelica, Beck, Ind. 1. — Mollek, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842). —Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 510. — Morch, Nat. Bidr. af Gr., 76. — W. G. Binney, T. M. U. S., IV. 32, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 9. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 45. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 243 (1866).— 138 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Morch, Am. Journ. Couch., IV. 27, PI. III. Figs. 1, 4(1868). — W. 0. Bixxf.y, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 28 (1S69). Helix, pcllucida, Fabricius, Fauna Gr., 389, excl. syn. Muller (1780). Helix domestica, Strom. 1 Der Tronh. Vidensk., III. 435, PL VI. Fig. 15. Godhavn, Greenland, on ArcTiangelica officinalis. My figure is from a typical specimen in the British Museum. For other figures and much information regarding the species, see Morch, 1. c. Animal bluish-gray, head black ; mantle edge bluish-gray, densely speckled with black ; hinder part of foot pale gray. The lobe of the mantle very small, by which latter character and the smaller number of whorls it is distinguished from pellucida. (Muller in Morch, 1. c.) I have seen no specimen of the species. Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomb. Shell moderately depressed, smooth, shining, pellucid, greenish- white ; whorls 3, the last composing most of the shell ; suture very finely mar- gined ; aperture large, obliquely and roundedly ovate ; lip thin, Fig. 53. columella arched. Diameter, 5 mill. ; axis, 2 mill. (Newcomb.) Iy^# : '\ Vitrina Pfeifferi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. 92 Y P f tifferi (1861). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 244, PL III. Fig. euiarged. ' 3 (1866). —W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 28, Fig. 26 (1869). I have traced this species over all of California as far south as Fresno County ; in Nevada, Colorado, at St. George, Utah, at Fort Wingate, New Mexico. It may therefore be said to inhabit both the California Province and the Central Region. It is, as usual in the genus, found at high elevations. Like V. limpida it is variable in color. Jaw as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane has over 50 — 1 — 50 teeth, with 10 perfect laterals. I figure a central and lateral (PL II. Fig. A), and one extreme marginal. Vitrina exilis, Morelet. Shell subperforate, rather convex-depressed, very thin, pellucid, hyaline, very lightly and distantly striate ; suture impressed, margined ; whorls 3, rap- 1 This name I give to a little snail, which is represented by Fig. 15, since I find noth- ing in Linne's Systema Nat. to which I can with certainty refer it. It is small, ovate- rounded, and somewhat convex above, and shows 3 small and flat whorls on the one side. The aperture is large and may be called almost entirely round, and the columella, or part attached to the snail's house, comprises a small segment, or may be inscribed in an exact circle. The shell is yellowish, and so brittle that one cannot pick it up without breaking it in pieces. It contains a bluish snail. It is found in great numbers under the moss or turf on houses, and is sometimes fully as large as the figure, which represents both the upper and lower sides. (Strom.) LIMAX. 139 idly increasing, the last broad below, flattened ; aperture obliquely oval, the termination of the peristome membranous, that of the columella slightly re- fleeted, giving the impression of a punetiform perforation. Greater diameter 7 1 , lesser 5 mill. ; height, 3 mill. Allied to V. pellucida, but with less broad spire and differing CP^ in the perforation, (Morelet.) Vitrina exilis, Morelet, Journ. de Condi., VII. 8. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 799 (1859). V. exilis. A Kamtschatka species. Petropaulauski (Ball), Ounalaska (Cooper, as pel- lucida 1 ? Am. Journ. Conch., V. 200). Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the former with ends some- what recurved as in Zonites arboreus. Vitrina exilis has about 37 — 1 — 37 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 7 per- fect laterals. I have given on PI. II. Fig. B, one central, lateral, and marginal. Fossil -Species of Vitrina. Vitrina vbliqua, Meek & Hayden, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1857, 134. LIMAX, Linn Body subcylindrical, lessening towards the posterior extremity, which termi- nates in a point. Back with a carina or keel when contracted, convex when extended. Integuments with longitudinal elongated glands, and anastomosing furrows arranged in the same manner upon both sides. Mantle small, anterior, oval, marked with fine concentric striae or prominent wrinkles, unattached and free at the front and sides, but connected with the body at its posterior part, and containing in this part a testaceous rudiment or shell. Base of foot not expanded at margin, having a narrow locomotive disk running longitudinally along its centre and separated from the sides by a well-defined line or furrow. Respiratory orifice near the right posterior margin of the mantle, large. Anal orifice immediately adjacent to, but a little below and anterior to the respira- tory orifice, with a cleft or fissure through the mantle from the orifice to its edge. Orifice of organs of generation near, and immediately behind, the right eye-peduncle (Vol. III. PI. LXV.). Testaceous rudiment thin, concentrical, not spiral, covered above with a thin and transparent periostraca, below smooth. Jaw arcuate, with slightly attenuated but blunt ends; Fig. 65 anterior surface smooth, cutting margin with a decided beak-like median projection. There is often a central ver- tical carina to the jaw. The ends are often more pointed than in the jaw figured. I have examined the jaw of all J aw of Umax our species. The dentition of Limax is nearly allied to that of Zonites. The lateral teeth 140 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. are arranged in straight transverse rows, the marginals in oblique rows, as acu- leate marginal teeth always are. This tendency to obliquity in the rows of aculeate teeth we have seen most plainly shown in Glandina. To show the general arrangement of the teeth in straight and oblique rows I repeat the fig- ure by Morse in " Land and Fresh-Water Shells, N". A." I., which was probably drawn from L. agrestis. It must be borne in mind that this figure is not intended to show the character* of the separate teeth, for which I refer to my plate. The genus Limax differs from Zonites in its dentition by having more slen- der, spine-like marginals, instead of the short, strictly aculeate form. The base of attachment of the marginals in Limax is also different, being less sole-like and more irregularly'eireular on the extreme marginals. Another difference i s Fig 56. Lingual DeDtition of Limax. that the marginal teeth do not increase in size so rapidly, and then decrease gradually as they pass off laterally, thus giving an irregularly crescentic form to each half of every transverse row. In L. maximus the marginal teeth de- crease gradually in size from the first to the last. It is the same with agrestis, but I believe the character is not generic, as L. montanus differs in this respect. It will be seen that even in the few species existing in North America there is considerable variation in the lingual dentition, especially in the bifurcation or non-bifurcation of the marginal teeth, the development of the side cusps to the central and lateral teeth, and the presence or absence of distinct Cutting points to these cusps. I shall, however, simply describe the dentition of our species, without reference to the subgeneric or generic value of these differences of dentition, or of the peculiarities of the mantle on which also generic and sub- generic distinctions have been founded. Species of Limax have been found in every quarter of the globe, but they may be said to belong rather to the more temperate regions. In North Amer- ica they are less common in the tertiary portions of the Southern States, but are found abundantly in the Middle and Northern States and in the British Possessions. Specimens were collected by Mr. Kennicott as far north as the junction of the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers in Russian America. The Pacific States also are inhabited by several species. I have received one from Lower California. The genus is also found in the Central Province. The cellars and gardens of the cities of the Atlantic seaboard are infested with sev- eral European species, introduced by commerce. Like rats and mice, and vari- ous destructive insects which have proceeded from continent to continent and LIMAX. 141 from island to island in the same manner, they occupy the houses and other structures, in the immediate vicinity of man, preying upon the fruits of his in- dustry, and consuming his stores of provisions. Like them they thrive only in the vicinity of, and, as it were, in contact with man, and never withdraw from him to resume their original manner of living in the wilds. These habits are the cause of much mischief, and when the animals are numerous, render them the pests of the house and the garden. Their increase, therefore, beyond a certain point becomes prejudicial, and means are adopted to keep them in check. In various ways thousands of them are destroyed during the year, but their extraordinary fertility enables them to make the loss good and to sustain themselves in undiminished numbers. Species of the genus found in this country can be readily confounded only with those of the genus Arion. They can be at once distinguished by their smooth jaw with its rostriform projection, that of Arion being ribbed and regu- larly concave below ; the respiratory orifice of Limax is on the hinder part of the shield, while in Arion it is on the anterior portion; the rudimentary shell of Limax is strong, oblong or square, while in Arion there are but irregular grains of calcareous matter. It will be noticed that the genitalia furnish reliable specific characters in the Limaces found within our limits. The variation shown in the shell of the he- liciform genera seems here to be transferred to these organs. It seems to be a generic character that the testicle is composed of aciniform caeca, and is not imbedded within one of the lobes of the liver. As some confusion exists in regard to the specimens furnishing the descrip- tions and figures of dentition published in this country, I have taken pains to be sure of the specific identity of each specimen from which my own are drawn. The L. maximus was collected in Newport, R. I., by my friend, Mr. Samuel Towel. It is the same individual figured on p. 408 of my edition of Gould's " Invertebrata of Massachusetts." The external markings of the ani- mal are conclusive proofs of its identity with the European species. 1 have, however, made it still more certain by examining the genitalia, which I find agree with those of L. maximum, figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, etc.). I find the dentition agrees also with the figures given by Heynemann (Malak. Blatt. X.), Lehmann (1. c), and Goldfuss (Verhl. Naturh. Vereins der Preuss. Rheinl., etc.). The L. Jlavus was collected in a cellar in Burlington, N. J. It not only agrees with the figure in the "Terrestrial Mollusks" as far as its outward markings are concerned, but I find also its genitalia to agree with Dr. Leidy's figure in the same work, and also with the figure given by Moquin-Tandon (Moll. Fr.). Its dentition agrees with the figures of Heynemann and Semper (Arch. Phil.)- The L. agrestis was collected in a garden in Burlington, N. J. This spe- 142 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. cies I have also found to agree with the figures of the external animal and genitalia given in the " Terrestrial Mollusks," as well as with Moquin-Tandon's (Moll. Terr, et Fluv. de la France) figure of the genitalia, and Heynemann's and Lehmann's figure of the dentition ; also with the figure of the genitalia given by Schmidt and Lehmann. The Limax campestris examined was collected in the country near Burling- ton, N. J., by my friend, A. Ten Fyck Lansing. It agrees with the de- scription and figures in the " Terrestrial Mollusks," not only as to its exter- nal characters, but in its genitalia. I will here mention that its dentition does not agree with that of L. Weinlandi, Heynemann (1. c. p. 212), supposed by that author to be the same species. The Limax Hewstoni examined is a typical specimen, given by Dr. J. G. Cooper to the State Collection of California. It was labelled by him. There can be no doubt, therefore, of its identity. The Limax montanns examined was one of the original lot found by Mr. In- gersoll, and furnished by him. The Limax occidentalis was received from Dr. Cooper. This completes the list of North American Limaces now known. I will add that maximus and flavus are put by Heynemann in the s. g. Lleynemannia ; agrestis in s. g. Agriolimax ; campestris would be placed by him in s. g. Malaco- limax ; while Heicstoni would be placed by him in the genus Amalia. The testicle in the genus is a round or oval body, partially concealed by the liver ; it is brown in color, and has the appearance of being composed of rounded acini. In L,. flavus it is tabulated. The epididymis is an undulated or moderately tortuous tube, leading from the testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with the prostate gland. It opens into a groove upon the inner side of the interior of the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior ex- tremity, with the vas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididy- mis, and lying against the inner side of the ovary r , is a small, compound, fol- licular body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gasteropoda. The prostate gland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of the whole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance, and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis to the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the prostate gland to the penis. In L. flavus, montanus, Hewstoni, and maximus, it joins the summit of the latter ; in L. agrestis and i. campestris it enters near the base. The penis, in L. flavus, is a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at the right anterior part of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termination a short cloaca. Into its summit is inserted the retractor muscle, which has its origin from the muscular investment of the visceral cavity, just posterior to the posi- tion of the pulmonary cavity. The interior of the penis is lined by mucous membrane, its exterior of muscular membrane. In L. agrestis and L. campes- LIMAX. 143 tris the organ which corresponds to the penis of L. Jlavus becomes of a some- what problematical character. In L. agrestis it is an elongated conical organ, with a protuberant base. Its summit is divided into three coeca; the retractor muscle is inserted into its side. Upon the interior it presents several longitu- dinal folds of mucous membrane, and at its lower part, corresponding to the protuberance of the base, an oval, pointed papilla. In L. campeslris, the organ is spiral, and has but a single pointed summit. The ovary is a large, white, semi-elliptic organ, usually more or less curved and lobulated, and situated at the summit of the oviduct. In L. agrestis and L. campeslris it is always two-lobed, or double. The oviduct is a long, wide, soft, white, tortuous, sacculated tube, passing from the ovary to the vagina. The neck or portion immediately joining the vagina commences usually where the prostate gland terminates, and is contracted to less than half the calibre of the upper portion of the tube. Its interior surface exhibits a number of trans- verse folds, corresponding to the contractions which produce the sacculated appearance of the organ, and upon the inner side upon each side of the sper- matic groove, or longitudinal fold. The generative bladder, in L. jlavus, is a large, pointed, oval receptacle opening by a very short, wide tube or duct, into the vagina. In L. agrestis it is large, elongated oval, and opens by a short duct into the angle formed by the junction of the vagina with the male portion of the generative apparatus. In L. campestris it is a small oval sac, with a longer, narrow duct, opening into the tube leading from the penis to the cloaca. In all three species of Limax the cloaca is a short canal opening at the generative orifice on the right side of the head. The characters of the various organs in the other species are given below. Limax maximus. Color light brown or ashen with alternate longitudinal rows of round spots, and uninterrupted stripes of black along the back and sides, replaced by irreg- ular blotches on the mantle ; lighter on the sides, dirty white below ; eye- peduncles and tentacles short, blackish. Body elongated, terminating in a well-marked dorsal carina ; covered with coarse, elongated, longitudinal tuber- cles ; constantly exuding mucus from its whole surface, giving a vermicular, glistening effect. Mantle large, bluntly oval, with tuberosities more delicate and arranged concentrically ; orifice of respiration very large at its hinder lateral portion. Foot with a narrow locomotive disk. Length about 4 inches. Limax maximus, Lin. Syst. Nat. Sci. — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass. ed. 2, p. 408, Fig. 669 (1870). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315, PI. XVI. p. 2 (1367). Limax antiquorum, Ferussac, Podr., 20 ; Hist., 68, PI. 4, PI. 8, A, Fig. 1. A specimen of this common European slug was found in Newport, R. I., in a garden, by Mr. Samuel Powel (1868). It is figured below. This species has 14-4 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. also been recently noticed in Philadelphia, and in Brooklyn, N Y. It is an introduced species. Its rich brown or black stripes, giving it a leopard-like Fig. 57. L. maximus. appearance, and its great size, at once distinguish it from any species hitherto known to inhabit Eastern North America. Jaw long, narrow, arcuate, strongly striated both vertically and trans- versely, ends attenuated; cutting edge with a prominent median projection. There is a strong line of reinforcement running parallel to the upper margin, and a decided vertical median carina. The lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig F) has about 76 — 1 — 76 teeth. The centrals have a large, subquadrate base of attachment. The reflection is large, subquadrate, and bears a single stout median cusp, which has a short cutting point, often longer than in the teeth figured ; the side cusps are subobsolete, and bear no cutting points. The lateral teeth, about 18 in number, are like the centrals, but asymmetrical. The marginal teeth are aculeate. Only a few are simple, as in Fig. b ; the balance are bifid, as in Fig. c. The bifurca- tion of the marginals in my specimens commences much nearer the median line than in the specimens examined by Lehmani. and Heynemann. There are, indeed, but 12 marginals without the bifurcation on one membrane ex- amined. Individuals kept in confinement were guilty of cannibalism. The eggs are globular, transparent, over two hundred in number, laid in a compact mass. Genitalia (PI. XII. Fig. A) with a strongly lobulated ovary; penis sac long, cylindrical, tapering to its apex, where it receives the retractor muscle and the vas deferens; genital bladder small, on a short duct. Limax flavus, Linn. Vol. III. PI. LXV. Fig. 1. Color brownish, yellowish-brown, or ashy brown, with oblong-oval uncolored spots, which have a longitudinal disposition ; mantle with rounded spots ; head, neck, and eye-peduncles blue, semi-transparent ; tentacles white ; base of foot LIMAX. 145 sallow white. Body when extended cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely with a short hut prominent keel ; upper part covered with long and narrow prominent tubercles. Mantle ample, oval, rounded at both ends, with numer- ous very fine concentrical strias. Sides paler, and without spots. Respiratory foramen large, placed near the posterior lateral margin of the mantle and cleft to the edge. Generative orifice indicated by a white spot a little behind the eye-peduncle of the right side. Length, when fully extended, usually about 75 mill.; an individual kept in confinement with abundance of food attained the length of nearly 125 mill., and several others that of 200 mill. Limax flavutt, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. [x.J, 1758, I. p. 652 (not Ml/llep, 1774). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 164 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 21, PI. I. Fig. 5 (1843). — Gray and Pfeiffer, Reeve, etc. — Tiiyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 314 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 61 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 410 (1870). Limax varicgatus, Drapaknaud, Tabl. Moll. 103(1801). — Ferussac, Moquin- Tandon. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 34, PI. LXV. Fig. 1 (1851). — Leidy, anat, T. M., I. 248, PI. I. (1851). An introduced species, noticed hitherto in Massachusetts at Boston and Cam- bridge ; in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore ; in Virginia at Richmond, and at the University of Virginia; in Athens and Savannah, Ga. ; Graniteville and Charleston, S. C, and at other cities. It is also found in Europe, Syria, and Madeira. The contrast of colors and the elegant arrangement of the spots and lines render this a beautiful species. The tubercles of the surface are very fine, and so much compressed as to appear in some lights to be carinated. There is often a well-defined row of spots down the back. The eye-peduncles are long and delicate, the mantle sometimes terminates posteriorly in an obtuse point, and the locomotive hand of the foot is narrow and well defined. There is a promi- nent ridge on the head and neck between the eye-peduncles, and a furrow marks the edges of the foot. It is active in its motions, turns rapidly, and often bends the body so as to form two parallel lines. It does not secrete mucus so freely as Limax agrcslis. The carina is often yellowish. The testa- ceous rudiment (Vol. I. PI. I. Fig. V) is oblong-oval, convex above and con- cave below, thin and membranaceous in young individuals, with the superior surface smooth and covered with a delicate periostracum, and with the lower surface uneven. No spiral arrangement is visible to the eye, and it appears to be only a thin testaceous plate, imbedded in the mantle. In old individuals it attains a greater thickness. It inhabits cellars and gardens in moist situations in the cities. It is con- sidered noxious to vegetation. It feeds upon the leaves of plants in kitchen gardens, and upon the remains of the cooked vegetables and bread thrown out from houses. Its most common habitat is in cellars, where it makes its presence most disagreeable by attacking articles of food, and especially by in- VOL. iv. 10 146 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. 6inuating itself into vessels containing meal and flour. It is common, but not so numerous as Limax agrestis. The young suspend themselves by a thread of mucus. This species is of foreign origin, but the period of its introduction is not known. It was noticed by Mr. Say more than fifty years since. It is prob- able that it inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast, and their vicinage, and most of the cities of the interior. Jaw (Vol. I. PI. I. Fig. VI) of a light horn-color, its anterior surface not on one plane, but projecting towards a strong median vertical carina; arcuate, ends square, striated, concave margin smooth, with a well-developed median projection. The lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. G) .of one specimen 1 examined has about 60 — 1- — 60 teeth, with 16 laterals. The centrals and laterals are of the same type as in L. maximus, the outer marginals are also bifid. On other portions of the same membrane the cutting points are longer and sharper. Fig. c represents an extreme marginal. Both of the figures of this spe- cies, published by me, were drawn from lingual membranes of another species. The genital system, as well as full anatomy, is figured by Leidy in Vol. I. PI. I. The testicle (1), composed of a globular mass of aciniform cceca, is not imbedded within one of the lobes of the liver. The penis sac (4) is long, stout, cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens (2) and retractor muscle (5) at its apex. The genital bladder (8) is small, elongated-ovate with pointed apex and short duct. Limax agrestis, Linn. Vol. III. PI. LXIV. Fig. 2. Color varying from whitish through every shade of cinereous and gray to black, and through various shades of yellowish, or amber-color, to brownish, and sometimes irregularly spotted with small black points or dots; eye-pedun- cles and tentacles darker than the general surface, sometimes black ; mantle sometimes mottled with a lighter color; base of foot sallow white; sheath of eye-peduncles indicated by black lines extending backwards from their base under the edge of the mantle. Body when in motion cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely, the sides towards its posterior extremity compressed up- wards, so as to form a short carina or keel ; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong- oval, fleshy, convex, and prominent, rounded at both extremities, equalling in length one third of the length of the body, its surface marked by prominent, irregularly waved, concentrical lines and furrows having their centre on the i L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I. p. 63, Fig. 105, is no doubt L. agrestis. Fig. 6, p. 285, of Ann. Lye. N. II. N. Y., Vol. IX., would more correctly represent the dentition of this species') it the extreme marginals were bifid. LIMAX. 147 posterior part, and its edges free throughout the whole circumference. Upper surface of the body marked with longitudinal lines or shallow furrows, darker than the general surface, sometimes black, anastomosing with each other, and forming a sort of network ; between the reticulated lines are narrow, irregular oblong plates, or smooth, flattened tubercles, giving the surface the appearance of a mosaic work, with lines of dark cement; reticulations less distinct on the sides, and disappearing towards the base ; a prominent tubercular ridge extends from between the eye-peduncles backward to the mantle, with a furrow on each side. Eye-peduncles cylindrical, about one eighth the length of the body, with small, black, ocular points on the superior part of the terminal bulb ; tentacles immediately under, very short. Respiratory foramen near the posterior lateral edge of the mantle, large, surrounded with a whitish border. Orifice of rectum immediately adjacent, but a little above and anterior to the respiratory fora- men. Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by two distinct longitudinal furrows. Generally about 25 mill, in length, but when fully grown nearly 50 mill. Limax agrestis, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. [x.], 1758, I. 652. — Mocuin-Tandon, REEVE, etc. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,, IV. 166 (1842) ; Terr. Moll., II. 37, PI. LXIV. Fig. 2 (1851). — Leidy, Terr. Moll., I. 250, PI. II. Figs. 7-9 (1851), anat.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 20, PI. I. Fig. 4 (1843). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I. 64 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass. ed. 2, 408 (1870). — Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 7, Fig. 1, PI. III. Fig. 2(1864). Limax tunicata, Gould, olim, Invert. 3 (1S41). It is undoubtedly of European origin. Inhabiting Boston, New York, Phil- adelphia, and other maritime cities of the Atlantic coast; also in Greenland. 1 It is common in the neighborhood of Boston, under stones at roadsides, and about stables and farmyards, and in other moist situations, under wet and decaying pieces of wood. It is also found in cellars and gardens, and causes some mischief by its depredations. A considerable number of individuals often congregate in the same retreat. Their food appears to be the green leaves of succulent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits ; they feed during the night, and are rarely found out of their retreats in the daytime. Their growth is rapid, the animal excluded from the egg in the spring arriving at full maturity and producing eggs before the succeeding winter. They defend themselves from injurious contact by instantly secreting, at the part touched, a quantity of milky-white, glutinous mucus. They are active in their motions, and soon escape when disturbed. Suspending themselves, head downwards, they lower themselves from plants and fences by forming a mucus thread which they attach to the point from which they hang. They are occasionally seen in this situation in rainy weather. During the process of excreting the mucus thread 1 Doubted by Mdrch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV. 37. 148 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. the alternate undulating expansions and contractions of the locomotive band of the foot are seen to take place in the same manner as when they are in motion on a plane surface. This species is much more prolific than the others, the number of eggs de- posited during the year being sometimes several hundred ; its numbers, in favorable localities, are therefore very great. It begins to lay its eggs early in the spring, and continues, with intervals, until checked by the cold of approach- ing winter. The last deposit of them often remains in the soil until the suc- ceeding spring, when they are hatched with the first generation of the year. The eggs are semi-transparent, and nearly globular. They produce young in about twenty days after they have been deposited. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux has observed them to deposit eggs in sixty-six days after their own birth, and to attain their full size in eighty-two days. This species varies very much in color, and the descriptions by different authors, being drawn principally from it, differ greatly from each other ; but whatever may be the color, the peculiar character of the furrows and the tuber- cles remains constant. In a state of contraction the back is arched; the head is entirely withdrawn under the mantle ; the glands of the skin are very promi- nent, making the surface appear rough ; the carina is more apparent ; and the posterior extremity, being a little turned to one side, appears to be oblique. It is described by some authors as constantly oblique, but the obliquity disappears when the animal is fully extended. When in motion, the head extends consid- erably beyond the mantle, and there is an interval between its margin and the base of the eye-peduncles equal to the length of the tentacles. The mantle adheres to the body by its posterior central portion, and it is in this part of it that is found imbedded the testaceous rudiment, or shell. This is oval, curved above, very thin and delicate, having a transparent epidermis. At its posterior part there is a slight apical prominence, and the appearance of indistinct con- centric lines of growth. There is no considerable variation in the species except in regard to color, which varies almost infinitely. Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, with broad median projection. Limax agrestis^ (PI. I. Fig. H) has about 50 — 1 — 50 teeth on its lingual mem- brane, with 18 perfect laterals. The centrals have a much more graceful out- line to the reflection than in the two last-named species. The median cusp is longer and more slender, with a more slender cutting point ; the subobsolete side cusps are more marked, and bear well-developed, triangular, slightly curved cutting points. The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but unsymmet- rical by the suppression of the inner lateral lower expansion of the base of attachment. There is, however, an inner cutting point lying against the inner 1 The figure given of the marginals of L. agreslis by Lindstrtim (Gotlands nutida Mollusker, PI. I. Fig. 3) disagrees with my observation by the bifurcation of the marginals. LIMAX. 149 side of the cusp, rather than in a position corresponding to the outer cutting point ; it is very difficult of detection, being on a different plane from the outer cutting point, and readily confounded with the inner lower angle of the base of attachment. It is figured by Lehmann and Heynemann. The marginals are long and slender, without bifurcation even on those on the extreme edge of the membrane. Fig. 105 of p. 63 of L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I., probably was drawn from a specimen of this species, certainly not from one of Jlavxis. Goldfuss (1. c. PI. V. Fig. 4) omits the cutting points from his figure. The genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, are figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PI. II. Figs. 7-9). The genital bladder (7) is short, narrowly elongate cvate, with blunt apex and short duct. The penis sac (4) is peculiar; it is short and stout, narrowing towards its apex, where it is extended into a short, trifurcate gland (3) ; the retractor muscle (5) is attached on the side of the penis sac, below this gland. Limax campestris, Binney. Vol. IE. PI. LXIV. Fig. 3. Color usually of various shades of amber, without spots or markings, some- times blackish ; head and eye-peduncles smoky ; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a very short carina at its posterior extremity ; mantle oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine concentrical lines ; back covered with prominent elongated tubercles and furrows ; foot narrow, whitish; respiratory foramen on the posterior dextral margin of the mantle ; body covered with a thin, watery mucus. Length, about 25 mill. Limax campestris, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1841, 52 ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 169 (1842); Terr. Moll., II. 41, PI. LXIV. Fig. 3. — Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 23 (1843). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I. 250, PI. II. Figs. 5, 6(1851), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 315 (1868). — W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., I. 66 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., 409 (1870). Limax campestris, var. octidentalis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1872, 146, PI. III. Fig. C. Inhabits all the New England, Middle, and Western States, and is probably widely diffused through the Northern and Interior Regions. Found also at Aiken, S. C. It has also been quoted from the Pacific Region as var. occi- dentalis. (See next page.) The resemblances between some of the species of this genus are so great that it is difficult to provide them with distinctive characters, and it is only by close comparison that their differences can be seen. The present species, although considerably smaller, is nearly allied to Limax agrestis. Its differen- tial characters are as follows : It is always much smaller, and at all ages pos- sesses a peculiarly gelatinous or semi-transparent consistency. The tuberosities of the surface are more prominent in proportion to their size, are not flattened 150 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. or plate-like, and are not separated by darker-colored anastomosing lines, the intervening furrows being of the same color as the general surface. It does not secrete a milky mucus at every part of the surface when touched. Like that species, it is active in its motions, and suspends itself by a thread of mucus. In its genitalia it differs widely in wanting the curious trifurcate gland to the penis sac found in agreslis, and in the shape of the genital bladder and length of its duct. This species appears to be common to all the northern parts of the United States. It is found under decaying wood in the forests and in open pastures, and under stones at roadsides. From its wide distribution it would seem to be indigenous. Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in proportion to the small size of the animal. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 245) suggests the iden- tity of campestris with Icevis, Mull., a European species. Lehmann's figure of the genitalia and dentition of that species show that there is no foundation for any such theory. Jaw as usual in the genus. Ends pointed, recurved ; centre with a trans- verse, strong line of reinforcement ; median projection sharp. Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. I). One specimen has 40 — 1 — 40 teeth, with 18 perfect laterals. Another gives 36 — 1 — 36, with 11 perfect laterals. The centrals and laterals are of the same type as described above in L. agrestis, excepting that there is no peculiar inner side cutting point to the first laterals. About half of the marginals are bifid. I find great difficulty, however, in de- tecting any bifurcation on the extreme marginals. As stated above, Heynemann's figure of the dentition of L. Weinlandi could not have been drawn from this species. I have no information in regard to L. Weinlandi other than what I find in Malak. Blatt. X. 212, PI. III. Fig. 1. Judging from the dentition alone, I should hardly consider it distinct from agrestis, excepting in its wanting the peculiar inner side cutting point to its first laterals. The California form noticed by Dr. Cooper as var. occidentalis is known to me by a single specimen received living from him. In external appearance, genitalia, and jaw it cannot be distinguished from the Eastern form. Its lin- gual membrane (PI. I. Fig. L) has 35 — 1 — 35 teeth, of which 13 are laterals. The inner as well as outer laterals show occasionally the side spur, thus more nearly resembling those of inontanus than campestris. I am inclined to believe future study will prove all three forms identical, notwithstanding these slight differences in detail of dentition. Liraax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper. Similar to L. Sowerbii (of England), the back being strongly carinate even when fully extended, and higher than the front of the body ; mantle granulate- LIMAX. 151 rugose, and with a groove, subelliptic in outline, above the level of the res- piratory orifice, which is just behind the middle ; color blackish-brown or deep black above, the sides paler, the base of foot whitish. Length, 2^ inches or less, height of body twice the width of foot. Internal plate oblong-oval, £ inch long. Gardens in San Francisco. Limax Hewstoni. In the remarkable groove on the mantle it differs from others described. This does not coincide with the outline of the attached portion of the mantle, or with the internal plate. It is sometimes scarcely visible. (Cooper.) Limax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1872, 147, PL III. Fig. B, 1 - 5. Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (PI. I. Fig. J) : the centrals and laterals are of the same type as in the last species, with this important difference, that there is a well- developed cutting point of the usual form (not the peculiar form, as in L. agrestis) to the inner subobsolete cusp of the laterals, and the inner lower lat- eral expansion of the base of attachment of the laterals is not suppressed as usual to make the laterals asymmetrical. From this it follows that the cen- tral teeth are with difficulty distinguished from the laterals, until the outer ones are reached, when the inner cutting point and inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment are suppressed, as in the other species of Limax. The marginal teeth are not bifid. Teeth 30 — 1 — 30, with 14 perfect laterals. Fig. c represents the very last marginal. As in the membranes of almost all spe- cies of land shells, there is considerable difference in the marginals on different portions of the same membrane. Those figured are the least slender. The specimens examined are from the State collection of California, presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper. This species, by the presence of the inner cutting point of the laterals and non-bifurcation of the marginals, resembles Limax (Amalia) gagates, as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., PI. XL), and Amalia marginata, as figured by Heyne- mann (1. c. PI. III. Fig. 7). Goldfuss also (1. c. 1856, PI. IV. Fig. 3) figures the dentition of L. marginatus as the same. Dr. Cooper suggests its having been introduced from China or elsewhere, as he found it only in the city of San Francisco. So far as outward appearance goes, the species somewhat resembles Amalia marginata, Drap., as figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken. PI. V. Fig. B). It is, however, by no means certain that it was introduced into San Fran- cisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of an Amalia from Los An- geles. His species had about 48 teeth in each row, 16 being laterals, the 152 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. balance marginals ; a difference of arrangement which may fairly be considered to show a specific difference between his specimens and the San Francisco form, though his discovery leads us to consider Amalia as native to California. The oviduct is long and greatly convoluted. The prostate is well developed. The vagina is very short; the very short duct of the genital bladder enters at about its middle. The last-named organ is large, globular. The penis sac is small, short, cylindrical, expanded, and bulbous at its apex, where the vas def- erens enters. I could detect no accessory organs in the single specimen imper- fectly examined (PI. XI. Fig. F). The genitalia arc somewhat of the same type as those of L. jlavus, but the dentition of the latter is quite distinct (see above). There is a still stronger resemblance to the genitalia of Amalia gagates as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., PI. XI. Fig. 9), so far as the penis and genital bladder are concerned. Limax montanus, Ingersoll. Color bluish-gray. Form stout, with blunt posterior extremity. Length ex- ceeding one inch. Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado. Limax montanus, Ingersoll, Bull. IT. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Terri- tories, No. 2. second series, 132 (1875) ; ed. 2 (1876), p. 394, Figs. Limax caslancus, Ingersoll, 1. c., ed. 2, p. 396. The above is Ingersoll's description. Specimens received from him furnish the anatomical details here given. It is a species of the Central Province. Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 50 — 1 — 50, with 16 perfect laterals. Centrals with base of attachment slightly longer than wide; inferior lateral angles not much produced, lower margin in- curved; reflection slightly shorter than one half the base of attachment; tri- cuspid, the outer cusps short, stout, bearing short, stout cutting points ; the median cusp stout, reaching almost to the lower edge of the base- of attach- ment, beyond which projects the cutting point ; laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical, as usual, by the suppression of the inner cusp with its cutting point and inner lower lateral expansion of the base of attachment. There are 16 perfect laterals, beyond which are several teeth forming the usual gradual transition to the marginals. These latter are aculeate, the cutting points bear- ing at about the centre of their lower edge a blunt spur, which is a modified form of the bifurcation of the marginal teeth often found in Limax. The mar- ginal teeth have the usual characteristic arrangement in oblique rows, and the separate teeth, as they pass outward, have at first the rapid increase for a short distance, and thence gradual decrease in size, usual in Zonites. In the genital system (PI. XIT. Fig. B) there are no accessory organs. The penis sac is as long as the vagina, with a constriction near its commencement, and tapers above to a point, below which it receives the vas deferens. The LIMAX. 153 genital bladder is oval, with a very short duct entering the vagina above the penis sac. The arrangement is very nearly that of L. campestris. This species is referred to by me as L. IngersoUi in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1S75, and in Ann. Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., X. 169. Limax castaneus is a variety of this species. Jaw as usual; lingual dentition as in the other form, hut differing in having only 34 — 1 — 34 teeth, with 12 perfect laterals (PL I. Fig. K). This important difference is such as to warrant the belief that the form may prove a distinct species. Genitalia not examined. Blue River Valley, Colorado. It is described thus by Ingersoll : Small and slender ; length less than one inch ; color, a lively brown, with a darker spot over the shield ; head, tenta- cles, and eye-stalks black. Bottom of foot white. Spurious Species of Limax, etc. Limax marmorahis, DeKay. See Tebennophoncs Carolinicnsis. Limax Columbianns, Goi'LD and Tryon, I have referred to Ariolimax. Limax fuliginosus, Gould, and Limax olivaccus, Gould, are erroneously referred to America by Grateloup (Distr. Geog. Lim. p. 30). Limax Wcinlandi (see p. 150). Limax lineatus, DeKay (see Terr. Moll., II. 33), is mentioned by name only, without description. To Vol. I. p. 48 ct scqq. and Vol. IV. p. 32, I refer for information regarding the following species of Bafinesque. Some of them are mentioned by FErussac, Gkay, Geateloup, etc., but no additional information is given by them : — Limax gracilis (Dcroccras). See also DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 22 ; Guay and Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat, Eumelus lividus. Eumclits lubulosus. Rafinesque also mentions — by name only, though not from America, no lo- cality being given — Zilotca, Urcinella, and Tcstacina (Analyse de la Nature ; see Binney and Tryon's edition of Rafinesque, 17). C. HOLOG-NATHA HELICEA. Jaw in one piece ; marginal teeth quadrate. In grouping the genera of this section, I have placed (1) those whose jaw is ribless ; (2) those whose jaw has decided ribs; (3) those whose jaw has deli- cate, distant ribs, giving the appearance of dividing the jaw into plates, the ribs usually running obliqu ' . towards the centre of the jaw. These divisions are, however, adopted only provisionally. Even now they seem to be in many cases unreliable. I am led to believe that these modifications will eventually be proved of not even generic value. See my remarks on the jaw of Dentel- laria. (1) Jaw without decided ribs on its anterior surface. 154 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. PATULA, IIald. Fig. 59. Animal of Patula solila Animal heliciform ; body elongated, semi-cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly, convex above, plane beneath; mantle simple, central, not extend- ing beyond, and accurately fitting to the peristome of the shell, into which the whole animal may retire ; head obtuse ; eyes at the end of long, cylindrical, retractile peduncles; tentacles short, retractile ; generative orifice on the side of the head, behind the right eye-peduncle; respiratory orifice in the collar, at the angle of the aperture of the shell, anal orifice immediately adjoining; no caudal mucus pore, no locomotive disk. Shell widely umbilicatcd, depressed, diseoidal, turbinate, rugose, or eostu- lately striate; whorls 4-6, equal or gradually increasing; aperture lunately rounded ; peristome simple, straight, acute. As there appears considerable confusion in regard to the limits of the genus, I think it best to make no reference to any species foreign to Korth America. Here it ranges over both the Central and Eastern Provinces. In none of the American species of this genus have I found a jaw with dis- tinct well-formed ribs as in Helix. In several species, however, such as slrigosa Fig. CO. Fig. 61. .law of Patula asteriscus (Morse). Patula striatella (Morse and Cooperi, there are distinct traces of subobsolete ribs near the cutting mar- gin, and still more so in incruitala. In astei'iscus there arc coarse wrinkles, resembling subobsolete ribs. In perspectiva, striatella, and Idahoensis there are such wrinkles, and also coarse vertical striae. I have not found the stria? as oblique as shown in Fig. 61. In solitaria, alleniata, and Hempltilli there are no traces of cither ribs, wrinkles, or stria?. In all these species there is a tendency to a median projection to thy cutting edge. This is greatly developed in soli- taria, alternata, Cumberland iana (with perpendicular stria?), and especially in Hemphilli. The last two species have also a much more arcuate jaw than the other !. I have not seen the jaw of Horni or pauper. PATULA. 10D Fig. 62 shows the general arrangement of the teeth on the membrane. The characters of the individual teeth are better shown on PI. IV. P. Cumberlaniliana. There is a considerable difference in the lingual dentition of the species I have grouped in this genus as to the development of the side cusps to the cen- tral and lateral teeth, and the presence of distinct cutting points upon these cusps. Such cusps and points arc present in solitaria, alternata, perspeclica, slriatella, HempTiilli, Idahoensis, astcriscus. I do not detect these cusps in /'. strigosa, Cooperi, probably the same species, or Cumbcrlandiana, excepting on the outer laterals. The central and lateral teeth of all the species examined by me are, in otber respects, as usual in the Helicea. It will be noticed that tbe base of attach- ment is subquadrate, the reflected portion large (except in asteriscus), the cusps short, the cutting points sho '. All the outlines of the teeth are less graceful than in Zonites. The lateral teeth are made asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower angle of the base of attachment, and the less development, if not suppression, of the inner cusp, which loses the cutting point also. The marginal teeth are quite different from those of Zonites, Limux, Vitrina, Macroci/clis, and Glandina in not being aculeate. They are more crowded than in those genera. They have a quadrate base of attachment, not sole-like, shortened on its inner lower side, but produced at its outer lower margin. The reflected portion is as wide as the base of attachment, is more produced than in the central and lateral teeth, retains its width throughout, and bears two oblique, blunt cutting points, the inner one always much the larger and longer, and the outer one of which, in most of the species, has a tendency to bifurcation. There is considerable variation in these cutting points even in the same lingual membrane, but as a general thing it may be said that the marginal teeth are but a modification of the form of the laterals. They decrease in size greatly at the outer edge of the lingual membrane. It must be borne in mind that the cutting points vary in development on different portions of any one lingual membrane. I have in each case chosen for drawing such individual teeth as appear best to illustrate the general char- acter of the dentition. It will be seen that Patula differs from all the preceding genera by the presence of quadrate, not aculeate, marginal teeth, a character shared by all the succeeding genera. There docs not appear any very essential character 156 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. in the dentition by which to distinguish it from many of the othd- American genera of disintegrated Ilelix, as will be seen below. It will be noticed that one species, asteriscus, has marginal teeth like those of Pupa and Vertigo. Patula solitaria, Say. Vol. III. PL XXIV. Shell broadly umbilicated, globosely depressed, coarse, solid, diaphanous, ob- liquely and erowdedly wrinkled, from white to dark reddish horn-color with from two to three brownish revolving bands ; whorls 6, convex ; suture deep ; aperture roundedly lunate, pearly white and banded within ; peristome simple, acute, its ends joined by a thin transparent callus, that of the columella dilated, subreflected. Greater diameter 25, lesser 22 mill.; height, 15 mill. Helix solitaria, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., II. 15? (1821); Binney's ed. 19.— Df.Kay, N. Y. Moll. 43, PI. III. Fig. 41 (1843). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 426, PL XXII. (1840) ; Terr. Moll., II. 208, PI. XXIV.— Chemnitz, 2d ed., 1. ISO, PL XXIV. Figs. 5, 6.— Pfeiffer, Symbol*., II. 39; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 102. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 662(1S52). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 96. — Leipy, T. M. U. S., I. 254, PL VIII. Figs. 7-10 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 71, Fig. 119 (1869). Anguispira solitaria, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (1866). Microscopic revolving lines have been detected on some specimens. There is a form of a dark reddish-brown color, with one white band at the periphery, and the same color at the base around the umbilicus. Al- F 'g- 63. bino forms are also found (see Fig. 63). The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversed specimen. A Post-pleiocene species now very common in the Inte- rior Region, especially in the parts north of the Ohio River. I have never received it south of Missouri. It has ranged Var. Albino. <=> widely westward, having been found in the Cceur d'Alene Mountains in Idaho, associating with strigosa. Thus it is the only species of the Interior Region which has crossed the barrier of the Rocky Moun- tains. It has even passed the Cascade Mountains into the Pacific Region, hav- ing been found living at the " Dalles," and on u Government Island" in the Columbia River, within twelve miles of Fort Vancouver, by Mr. O. B. Johnson, who has sent specimens to the Smithsonian Institution, which I have myself seen. Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated; anterior surface striate, but without ribs. A median projection to the cutting margin. The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. K) has 25 — 1 — 25 teeth, with 14 per- fect laterals. The transition to marginals is very gradual. The anatomy of this species is figured by Leidy (1. e.). The genitalia pre- PATULA. 157 sent several peculiar features. The penis sac (5) is short, stout, receiving near its apex the retractor muscle (G), above which it rapidly decreases in size, and at its apex receives the vas deferens (2); the last-named organ is very peculiar in being greatly convoluted before entering the penis sac ; the genital bladder (9) is small, globular, on a long duct, which becomes swollen at its lower end ; the epididymis (2) is convoluted in its entire course. Patula strigosa, Gould. Vol. III. PL XXVI. a. Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicular, slightly and about equally convex above and beneath, surface irregular, and roughened above by indentations and coarse lines of/ growth, and by occasional fine revolving lines ; smoother and shining beneath ; color ashy-gray, somewhat mottled with dusky or alto- gether rusty brown above, with, usually, a single, faint, revolving band on the middle of each whorl, and often with numerous bands, unequal in size and dis- tance, beneath ; whorls 5, moderately convex, the last one carinated at its commencement, and defiexed ; aperture very oblique, circular ; peristome sim- ple, acute, almost continuous, terminations approaching, joined by thick callus, that of the columella subreflected. Greater diameter 21, lesser 18 mill.; height, 10 mill. Helix strigosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 166 (1846); Expl. Exped. Moll. 36, Fig. 41 (1S52) ; Terr. Moll., II. 210, PL XXVI. a. — Pfeifff.r, Mon. He!. Viv., I. 121 ; IV. 91 ; Mai. Bl. 1857, 321. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 23 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 72 (1S69). Avguispira strigosa, Tkyon, Am. Jouni. Conch., II. 261 (1866). Helix Cooperi, W. G. BlKNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Thila. 1858, 118 ; Terr. Moll., IV. 97, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 11; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 78, Figs. 132-137 (1869). — Pfeifff.r, Mai. Blatt. 1859, 6. Anguispira Cooperi, Tkyox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (1866). Helix Hay deni, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., V. 24, PI. VIII. Fig. 1 (1869). This species seems to inhabit all of the Central Province from New Mexico on the Rio Piedro to the British Possessions. It is also found in the moun- tainous country east of the Rocky Mountains in the Eastern Province, at least as far east as long. 108°. It has also penetrated the Pacific Province, bavins been found in Eastern Oregon. The species is viviparous. Seventeen embryonic shells were found in one individual, of which the largest had three whorls. A large specimen in my cabinet has a larger diameter -of 26 mill. It will be seen from the above synonymy that I have become convinced of the identity of strigosa and Cooperi. PI. XXVI. a, of Vol. III. represents the former, while the following figures give various forms of the latter. I repeat the description of the typical Cooperi: — 158 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Shell umbilicated ; elevated, globose ; solid, coarse and rough with oblique incremental strias intersected with delicate spiral lines ; color white, variously marked with a single narrow band, or broader longitudinal and spiral patches Fig 64. Fig. C5. Helix Cooperi of reddish-brown, sometimes uniformly red; suture impressed; spire elevated ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, very decidedly deflected at the aperture ; umbilicus moderate, pervious, one fifth the greater diameter of the shell; aper- ture very oblique, circular ; peristome simple, thickened, with its extremities very nearly approached, and joined by a heavy white callus, that of the colu- mella reflected. Greater diameter 20, lesser 16 mill; height, 13 mill. The species varies greatly in shape, as seen in the figures given of various forms. It is sometimes strongly carinated, and the peristome is sometimes continuous by the heavy, raised callus connecting its extremities. (Fig. 66.) Mr. Ingersoll remarks : " This well-known Helix, the largest of any collected, was not uncommon in Middle Park and North Park, Colorado, where great numbers of dead shells would be found in isolated spots ; only a few live ones being found in wet places in the vicinity. In the Blue River Valley we crossed a belt a hundred yards or so wide, and apparently miles in length, where the surface was thickly strewn with bleached shells, as though an army of these mollusks had been overtaken on the march by universal destruction." Jaw (slrigosa) long, low, slightly arcuate ; anterior surface smooth excepting near the lower margin, where there are num- erous, crowded, subobsolete ribs, or coarse strias, crenellating the cutting edge. There is a very strong muscular attachment to the upper margin. The jaw of extreme forms of Cooperi is the same. The lingual dentitition of each form is alike, but I figure that of each. In P. strirjosa (PI. IV. Fig. H) there are 50—1 — 50 teeth, with 15 perfect laterals ; c is an extreme marginal. /'. Cooperi has (PL IV. Fig. G) 29—1—29 teeth, with 11 perfect laterals. Helix Cooperi. TATULA. 159 PL XI. Fig. A represents the genitalia of a Salmon k River specimen of the typical strigosa. The testicle, as usual, was in the summit of the upper lobe of the liver. The epididymis is long, convoluted in its half nearer the testicle. The accessory gland is composed of several long, black cceca. The oviduct is sac-like, not convoluted, containing eight embryonic shells. The genital blad- der is small, with a long, narrow duct entering the upper part of the vagina, near which it is swollen. The vagina is short and swollen. The penis sac is long, stout, blunt at apex, where the retractor muscle is inserted. The vas deferens becomes greatly swollen before it enters the sac of the penis, which it does above the insertion of the retractor muscle. As the shells of some forms of this species are difficult to distinguish from some forms of Patula solitaria, it is interesting to state that the genitalia of a specimen of the latter from the same locality offer very distinct specific char- acteristics, agreeing with Dr. Leidy's figure in Vol. I. Since the above was written, I have received from Mr. Henry Hemphill specimens of H. Haydeni with the animal, and so variable that I am con- vinced of its being a variety of slrigosa. The revolving lines are not always present, and vary greatly in development. The young shells have erect coarse hairs on the revolving lines. The discovery is an interesting one, as the species was formerly considered extinct. One of the original lot of speci- .' mens is here figured. Mr. Hemphill found several curious va- rieties. The jaw of Haydeni (PL XVI. Fig. G), as well as its geni- talia and viviparous habit, is the same as in strigosa. Its lin- gual dentition I figure on PL XVI. Fig. B. There are 33 — 1 — 33 teeth. The eleventh tooth has the side cusp and cutting point. Another curious form of this protean species was also found by Mr. Hemp- hill in the same locality, a spur of the Wahsatch Range forming the western boundary of the valley in which Salt Lake City lies. This form is here figured. Its dentition is given on PL XVI. Fig. A. There are 27 — 1 — 2 7 teeth, the tenth having the side cusp and cutting point. The jaw and genitalia are as in strigosa. Small specimens of this curious form resemble P. Idahocnsis. The latter, however, as well as P. Hc7>i/jJii/li, has side cusps and cutting points to central and all the lateral teeth of the lingual membrane. Patula Hemphilli, Newcomb. Shell widely umbilicated, sublenticular, rough, with incremental wrinkles, and minute revolving stria?, bearing separated, short, stout bristles ; dirty white, with a revolving reddish band ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4, Fig. 68. 1G0 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. the last strongly carinated and deeply excavated towards the suture, scarcely Fie C9 descending; aperture oblique, handed within; peristome thin, acute, angular, its terminations approached ; umbilicus very wide, showing all the volutions. Greater diameter 12, lesser 10 mill.; P. HtmphiUi. height, 4 mill. Helix Ilanphilli, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., V. 1G5, PL XVII. Fig. 4 (1869-70). A species of the Central Province, having been found in the White Pine mining-district, Nevada; Manitou, Williams Canon, Colorado. Jaw thick, very much arched, of almost uniform breadth throughout; striate transversely and vertically; ends not attenuated, squarely truncated ; cutting edge with a blunt, prominent, median projection. A stout upper muscular attachment. P. Hempldlli (PI. IV. Fig. J) has 20—1—20 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 7 perfect laterals. The first laterals are distinctly bicuspid. The species is viviparous. Genitalia not otherwise observed. Patula Idahoensis, Newcomb. Shell umbilicated, globosely elevated, thick, white, rough, with stout, distant, oblique, curving, blunt ribs, of which 28 are upon the last whorl ; suture im- pressed ; spire highly elevated ; apex waxen, smoother, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last equally globose above and below, hardly falling before; umbilicus moderate, one sixth the lesser diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, almost circular; peri- stome simple, made almost continuous by a heavy parietal callus connecting its approximating ends, that of the columella slightly expanded and reflected over a portion of the umbilicus. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11 mill.; height, 7 mill. Helix Idahoensis, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 1, PL I. Figs. 1-3(1866).— W.G.Binn., L.k Fr.-W. Sh., 1.79, Fig. 138 (1869). Anguispira Idahoensis, Tilyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 260 (I860'). Idaho Territory, between Idaho City and Coeur d'Alene mining-district, in the Central Province. The shell figured was received from Dr. Newcomb. The species in texture and form resembles somewhat a small elevated Cooperi. The jaw very much resembles in form and in its crenellated cutting edge that of Patula slriatella. Its anterior surface has coarse perpendicular stria; or obsolete wrinkles, not well-formed ribs. There is a stout membranous attach- ment to the upper margin. /'. Idahoensis (PL IV. Pig., I) has 33 — 1 — 33 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 14 perfect laterals. The transition from the laterals to the marginals, however, i< very gradual. This species and Hemphilli have side cusps and cut- ting points on the central and first laterals, while strigosa does not. Genitalia not examined. P. IJalioensis. PATULA. 161 Patula alternata, Say. Vol. III. PL XXV. Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, thin, smoky horn-color varied with red, interrupted, obliquely arranged patches and spots, roughened by crowded, elevated rib-like striae, smoother below; whorls 5|, flattened, the last sometimes obtusely carinated at its periphery ; umbilicus large, pervious; aperture very oblique, lunately rounded, banded within ; peristome simple, acute, its terminations joined by a very thin, transparent callus, that of the columella subreflected. Greater diameter 21, lesser 19 mill. ; height, 10 mill. Helix alternata, Say, Nich. Encycl., PI. I. Fig. 2 (1817 - 19) ; Journ. Philad. Acad., II. 161 (1821); Binney'.s ed. 6, 21, PI. LXIX. Fig. 2. — Eaton, Zobl. Text-Book, 193 (1826). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 428, PI. XXV. (1840) ; Terr. Moll, II. 212, PI. XXV. — Gouxd, Invert, 177, Fig. 114 (1341). — Leidy, T. M. U. S., 1. 253, PL VII. Figs. 2-5(1851), anat. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 29, PL II. Fig. 9 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162, Fig. (1842). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ; Hist., PL LXXIX. Figs. 8-10. — Potiez and Michaud, Galerie, 104. —Chemnitz, 2d ed., I. 181, Tab. XXIV. Figs. 17, 18. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 102. — Deshayes in Fer. Hist., I. 89. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 670 (1852). — Billings, Canad. Nat., II. 99, Figs. 4, 5 (1857). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 98. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. — Mouse, Amer. Nat., I. 187, Figs. 17, 18 (1867). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 73 (1869). —Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 412 (1S70). Anguispira alternata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 11, Fig. 15 ; PI. IV. Fig. 16 (1864). — Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 261 (1866). Helix scabra, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., VI. part 2, 88. — Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 219 (1830); in LAMARCK, VIII. 66; ed. 3, III. 292. — Chenv, 111., PI. VI. Fig. 11. Helix infecta., Parreyss MS., Pfeiffer, Mai. Bl. 1857, 86 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 91, non Reeve. Helix strongyhdes, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., IV. 91. — Peeve, Con. Icon., No. 1296 (1854).— FidcV'. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. PI. LXXVII. Fig. 8. Helix irwrdax, Shuttlewouth, Bern. Mitt. 1853, 195. — Goild in Terr. Moll., III. 19. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 635. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, VII. (and var. Fergusoni). Helix duhia, Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, I. 194. — McCtTLLOCH (where 0, teste Binney, Terr. Moll., I. 192. It is commonly found in the Post-pleiocene.of the Mississippi Valley, retain- ing some of the color of the red flame-like patches. It now extends over the whole of the Eastern Province as far north as Labrador. Animal : head and eye-peduncles light slate-color, back brown, remainder of upper surface brownish-orange, eyes black, base of foot grayish-white, collar saffron. Eye-peduncles one third of an inch long, blackish at the extremities. VOL. IV. 1 1 162 TERRESTRIAL AIR-RREATIIING MOLLUSKS. Foot not much exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, and terminating in a broad, obtuse, and flat extremity. A light marginal line runs along the edge of the font from the head to the posterior part, those of the two sides meeting in an acute angle. Variety: head and neck blackish-brown, eye-peduncles blackish, foot brown- ish, base dirty white. In a single instance the whole animal was entirely black. The animal of the ribbed form of alternata found at University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee, by Bishop Elliott, resembles in length, etc., Cum- berlandiana ; it is dark slate-color on top of head and eye-peduncles; dirty white on bottom of foot; remainder dark orange. The variation of color ranges from pale straw to dark reddish-brown, in each extreme being sometimes uniform. In outline the variation ranges from depressed to very globose. In sculpturing it varies greatly. A comparatively smooth variety, with a shin- ing, somewhat translucent epidermis, has been noticed in New York, by Mr. Bland, under the name of var. Fergusoni. A form with stronger striae and well-developed carina is figured in Fie. 71. The coarsely striated form, which I presume to be //. mordax, is figured also (Fig. 72). This is considered by Mr. Bland to be a variety of Cumberlandiana. I have received it from Eastern Tennessee and Vir- ginia. I have also given a figure (Fig. 73) carinated. f t j 10 magnified surface of a strongly ribbed form from North Carolina, and a view (Fig. 74) of a strongly ribbed form from the Post-pleiocene. Fi ... 73 In New England this is perhaps the most common species of the genus. It abounds in the forests, and is not uncommon in the open country in moist situations, where it can find shelter under logs and stumps. It seems to be more gregarious than other species ; at any rate, numbers are more frequently found in the same retreat. It does not bear a change from a moist to a dry situation so well as many other species. In captivity it remains buried a great part of the time under the moist earth, with the body half protruded. If removed to the sur- face, it withdraws within the shell, protects its orifice by three or four coverings, and soon dies unless supplied with moisture. The foot of the animal is smaller and the eye-peduncles shorter than in either of the other species possessing so huge a shell; it is also flatter and thinner. The mantle is deeply tinged with the coloring matter which ornaments the shell, and which is sometimes secreted P alternata, var. mordax ? Surface of P. alternala. PATULA. 103 in such profusion as to give a saffron tinge to the trace which it leaves on objects over which it crawls. It is distributed over the animal, and arranged in minute points, which are most thickly clustered on the margin and on the glandular tubercles of the surface. There is a reversed specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. The jaw of alternata, figured by Morse, is arcuate, equally broad in its whole length, with square ends ; anterior sur- face strongly striate both transversely and vertically ; con- cave margin not strongly crenulated, but having no median projection. A specimen examined by me was much more arched, with attenuated ends, strong median projection, and smooth anterior surface. Lingual membrane (PL IV. Fig. E) : one membrane Las 121 rows of 34 — 1 — -34 teeth, 10 of which are perfect laterals. The variety mordar, Fig. F, agrees with it in dentition, except the number of teeth. I counted 20 — 1 — 20, with 8 perfect laterals. The change from laterals to marginals is very gradual. The anatomy is given by Lcidy, 1. c. The genital bladder (15) is small, elongate oval, on a long, delicate duct; the penis sac (11) is short, stout, cylindrical, receiving the retractor muscle (12) and the vas deferens at its apex. I have found a similar genital system in the heavily ribbed form and in the var. mordax. Patula Cumberlandiana, Lea. Vol. III. PI. XXVI. Shell broadly umbilicated, lenticular, acutely carinated, rather thin, sculp- tured with coarse, acute rib-striae, of a pale yellowish or sometimes ash color, irregularly checked with radiating, waved brown blotches; spire depressed, of about 5 whorls, very slightly convex, but excavated towards the margin, which is acute, and with a marginal, impressed line on both sides of the edge; be- neath, somewhat less convex, but the stria? less prominent, and its centre ex- cavated by a deep, broad umbilicus, one third the diameter of the base, and exhibiting all the whorls to the apex ; aperture rather wider than high, rendered somewhat rhomboidal by the acute carina ; peristome simple, acute, its columel- lar extremity somewhat dilated and reflected. Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mill. ; height, 5 mill. Carocolla Cumberlandiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, VIII. 229, PL VI. Fig. 61 ; Obs., III. 67 ; Proc, I. 289. — Troschel, Arch, fur Nat. 1843, II. 124. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1S43). Helix Cumberlandiana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 125; III. 114. — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 216, PL XXVI. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 701 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99 ; L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 76 (1869). Anguispira Cumberlandiana, TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1S66). 164 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee ; Jasper, Marion County, Tennessee : a species of the Cumberland Subregion. Animal dirty white, darker towards the tail, the top of the head and eye- peduncles, which last are dark slate-colored ; foot about the length of the lesser diameter of the shell, with a darker submarginal line as in alternata, and terminating in a flattened, broad, spade-like extremity like the Zonites. When in motion none of the animal protrudes beyond the shell behind (looking from above), before, there is but little visible, about as long as the diameter of the last whorl ; the breadth of the animal before the shell is about one half the same diameter. Found at University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee, now Sewanee, on the Cumberland Mountain table-land by Bishop Elliott (1860). It is limited at that place to a very small space on one of the " benches " of the mountains. In habit, they resemble Cylindrella and Cyclostoma, living in the crevices of precipitous rocks, over the faces of which they may be found walking after rains. Helicina orhiculata and a few ribbed alternata found with them. Mr. Lea's locality is Jasper, Marion County. Jaw arched, high ; ends blunt ; anterior surface with coarse, perpendicular stria? ; cutting margin with decided median projection. Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. D) long and narrow. Teeth of same type as in P. solitaria, alternata, etc. The centrals and laterals have, however, a much shorter median cusp. Side cusps subobsolete, and side cutting points wanting on the centrals and first two laterals, the third lateral beginning to show them ; the outer laterals, as the seventh lateral, etc., have them well developed. The transition to marginals is very gradual, and is not formed by the bifurca- tion of the inner cutting point, which remains simple to the extreme outer edge. The smaller, outer cutting point is sometimes bifid in the outer marginals. These last are usually but a simple modification of the laterals, as shown (see plate) in the 20th and 30th teeth. There arc 30—1—30 teeth, with hardly 13 laterals, and certainly not so many absolutely perfect ones. In P. alternata there are decided prominent side cusps and cutting points to centrals and first laterals. The shape of the centrals and first laterals also in alternata is quite different from those of this species. The genitalia agree with those of P. alternata figured by Dr. Leidy, in Vol. I. PI. VII. Fig. 2, excepting, perhaps, that in Cumbcrlandiana the genital bladder is smaller, and its duct longer and narrower. Patula perspectiva, Say. Vol. III. PI. XXX. Fig. 1. Shell broadly and perspectivcly umbilicated, orbicular, scarcely convex above, excavated below, thin, reddish horn-color, regularly ribbed; whorls 6i-, gradu- ally increasing ; aperture small, lunatcly subcircular, within furnished with a PATULA. 1G5 single subprominent tooth on the base of the shell ; peristome simple, acute, its extremities separated widely. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7h mill. ; height, 3 mill. Helix perspective Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. 18 (1817) ; Nich. Encycl., IV. ed 3(1819); Binney's ed. 9. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, III. 430, PI XXI. Fig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll., II. 256, PI. XXX. Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y Moll., 42, PL III. Fig. 38 (1843). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., PI. LXXIX. Fig. 7. — Deshayes in Lam., VIII. 130 ; 3d ed., III. 315 in Fer., I. 81. — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 114, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 30-32 Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., 1.103; III. 99 (excl. H. filiola). — Reeve, Con Icon., 695.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 122. — Leidy, T. M. U. S., I 453, PI. VII. Figs. 4-7 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I 79, Fig. 139 (1869). Helix patula, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., II. 217 (1830). Anguispira perspectiva, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1866). A Post-pleiocene species ; north of Maryland it is not now found east of the Appalachian chain, but elsewhere is probably found over the whole of the Eastern Province. Animal : head and eye-peduncles bluish-black; margin and posterior part of foot white. Foot transparent, narrow, less in length than twice the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely. The jaw and lingual membrane are quite like those of P. striatella. The ends of the jaw, however, are more squarely truncated, and the striaj are not converging. Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. A) ; 15 — 1 — 15 teeth, 7 perfect laterals. The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Vol. I. PI. VII. Figs. 4 - 7). The same general arrangement is found as in allernata, but all the organs are more elon- gated ; the duct of the genital bladder is very long and thread-like. Patula striatella, Anthony. Vol. III. PL XXX. Fig. 2. Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, thin, orownish horn-color, with crowded ribs ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last inflated below, rather wide ; umbilicus large, pervious; aperture subcircular ; peristome simple, acute, its terminations approached. Greater diameter 6, lesser 5h mill. ; height, 3 mill. Helix stricdella, Anthony, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 278, PL III. Fig. 2 (1840). —Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 432, PL XXI. Fig. 5 (1S40) ; Terr. Moll., II. 217, PL XXX. Fig. 2. —Gould, Invert. 178, Fig. 112 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 43, PL III. Fig. 40 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 115, Tab. LXXXV. Figs. 36-38.— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 104. —Reeve, Con. Icon., 727 (1853). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 99. —Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 545, Fig. 40 (1867). — 1C6 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 80, Fig. 140 (1869). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 413 (1870). Helix ruderata, Adams, Sill. Journ. [i], 40, 408, not Studer. Helix Oronkheiti, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat, Sci., III. 180 (1865). Patula striatella, Mouse, Journ. Port! Soc, I. 21, Fig. 48, PI. II. Fig. 6; Pi. VIII. Fig. 49 (1S64). Anguispira striatella, Thyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 262 (1866). Patula Oronkheiti, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263 (1866). This is a species of the Northern Region, being found through British America, at Great Slave Lake, etc., Canada, New England, and extends to Virginia and Kansas. It has also been found in Arizona, Hell Gate River, Idaho, in the Central Province, and has been quoted from the Pacific Province. It may therefore prove to be universally distributed. Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated ; anterior surface with converging stria?; con- cave margin irregularly notched, no median projection (p. 154, Fig. 61). Lingual membrane with 100 rows of 16 — 1 — 16 teeth (Morse). The lingual examined by me (PI. IV. Fig. B) has 20—1—20 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals. Animal : head, neck, and eye-peduncles dusky ; foot white. Genitalia unobserved. As regards P. Cronkheiti, I am not able to decide about its specific distinc- tion from striatella. Specimens have been sent me under this name from Ouna- laska, from Klamath Lake, and various localities in the Pacific and Central Provinces, one of which is here figured. This species bears a very strong resemblance, in general aspect, JjLJJ' to perspectiva, with the immature shells of which it is very com- monly confounded. It needs some attention to separate the two ; but when the present species is once noticed, it cannot fail to be considered very distinct. Its discriminative characters, as com- pared with the former species, are as follows : The mature shell , . . is smaller, and has generally rather less, and never more than 4 whorls ; and in shells of the same size the number of volutions is less. It is thinner and more delicate; its color is lighter; its stria? of increase are more numerous, more oblique, much finer, and less prominent ; its suture is less deeply impressed ; its spire is more convex, and its umbilicus less ex- panded. The character of the epidermis is the same in both. The lustre of the epidermis resembles that of satin. Whiteaves (Can. Nat., VIII. 56) says it has been suggested that striatella is identical with 11. omphalos, Searles Wood, an Eocene fossil of Ileadon Hill, Isle of Wight. Patula pauper, Gould. Shell small, discoidal, reddish horn-colored, with incremental ribs, below chalky; whorls 4^, rather convex ; suture deep ; aperture very oblique, falling forward. Diameter, ^; axis, -J poll. (Gould.) PATULA. 167 P. Horni. Hyalina pauper, Gould, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., VI. 423 ; Otia, 102. An Asiatic species, found also in Alaska, if I am right in referring to it the Ounalaska specimens called ruderata by Dr. Cooper (Am. Journ. Conch. , V. 202). The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Dall at Petro- paulauski. 1 P. pauper. Patula Horni, Gabb. Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, thin, coarse, reddish horn-color, under the epidermis obliquely striate, hirsute ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last in- Fig. 78 flated below ; umbilicus pervious, showing the whorls to the apex ; aperture oblique, subcircular ; peristome simple, acute, its ends hardly approaching, that of the columella not widened, nor re- flected. Greater diameter, 4, lesser, 3^ mill. ; height, 1 mill. Helix Hornii, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 330, PI. XXI. Fig. 5 (1866). — W. G. Binney, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 81, Fig. 143 (1869). Hyalina Hornii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 163 (1867). Fort Grant, Arizona, at the junction of the Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers, in the Central Province. My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen. Animal not examined. Patula asteriscus, Morse. Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light brown, decussated by delicate incremental and revolving striae and with from 25 to 30 delicate, thin, transparent, prominent ribs, with waving edges and inclined backwards, more like the epidermis than the tex- ture of the shell ; whorls 4, the upper ones flattened, the last globose ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture subcircu- lar ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity sub- reflected. Greater diameter, 1^ mill.; height, \ mill. Helix asteriscus, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc., VI. 128 (1857). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 103, PI. LXXVII. Fig. 9 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 82, Fig. 145 (1869). — Bland, Ami. N. Y. Lye, VIII. 163, Fig. 8. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 546, Fig. 43 (1867). —Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 415 (1870). Planoyyra asteriscus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 24, Figs. 50-52, PI. II. Fig. 5 ; PI. VIII. Fig. 53 (1864). —Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 263(1866). From Gaspe to the north of Lake Superior, and through New England ; it may therefore be considered a species of the Northern Region. Fig. 79. 168 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. The animal is described by Morse as bluish-while, with head, neck, and eye-peduncles mottled by streaks and dots of bluish-black ; disk yellowish- white. Jaw but slightly arcuate, of uniform width throughout. Ion" - , narrow, ends blunt; anterior surface with coarse stria?, not modifying the con- cave margin, which has an obtuse, wide, slight median projection (p. 154 Fig. 61). Lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. C). Morse gives 77 rows of 13 — 1 — 13 teeth; 6 perfect laterals. I counted 11 — 1 — 11, with 5 perfect laterals. The reflected portion of the central teeth is quite small. The marginal teeth are like those of Pupa. Genitalia not examined. Doubtful Species of Patula. Patula Mazatlanica. I do not believe this species can really exist at Lone Moun- tain, San Francisco County, California, as asserted. See L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 82. Patula incrustata is a Microphysa (q. v.), as is also Patula vortex (q. v.). Helix tenuislriata, Binney, is also a Patula. It is an unknown species. The following description is copied from manuscript of Dr. Binney : — Shell flattened, the upper surface acutely carinated ; epidermis light horn-color ; whorls 7, narrow, increasing in width very gradually from the apex to the aper- ture ; striated with fine, prominent, distinctly separated, curved lines ; aper- ture angular, depressed, contracted ; peristome above the carina acute, below a little reflected ; base subconvex, smooth ; umbilicus open, moderate in size, exhibiting 2 or 3 volutions. Greatest transverse diameter about \ an inch. Found hitherto only in the eastern part of Tennessee, whence a single specimen was brought by Mr. Haldeman. This pretty species is described with some reluctance from a single specimen, as it may be considered doubtful, until another be found, whether it may not be a foreign shell introduced by mis- take among Tennessean shells. It is quite flat on the upper surface, rising a little towards the apex ; the whorls, which are distinctly marked, are beauti- fully striated with delicate prominent curved lines, which are crowded towards the apex, and separated by a distinct interval on the outer whorl ; they termi- nate on the edge of the carina, which is a little plaited by them, the base be- low being smooth. The aperture is narrow, and marked by an angle at the carina. The lip below the carina has a distinct, though narrow reflection. The umbilicus is moderate, conical, and rather deep, exhibiting about three volutions. In Lamarck's arrangement it would be a Carocolla. Helix temtistriata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, IV. Part I. cover, p. 3. — Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 432. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 118; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 77 (1869). Helix vortex, teste Gould (non Pfeiffer), Terr. Moll., III. 34. Helix limitaris, G. M. Dawson. — Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, collected MICROPHYSA. 169 during the' summers of 1873, 1874, in the vicinity of the 49th parallel. Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains ; British North American Boundary Commission; Report on 'the Geology, etc. Montreal: 1875. pp. 347-350. I have seen young individuals ^kindly sent me hy Mr. Dawson, and suspect them to be immature individuals of some variety of P. strigosa. The original descrip- tion here follows : — Shell conspicuously umbilieated, globosely depressed, solid, coarse ; whorls carinate at the periphery and subcarinate near the umbilicus, giving the mouth a distinctly rhomboidal form in young specimens ; peripheral carination almost obsolete on the last half whorl ; aperture roundedly lunate, very oblique, slightly reflexed at the umbilicus, so as to interfere somewhat with its circular outline ; peristome acute, thickened within ; callus delicate, transparent ; whorls 5^ ; suture slightly impressed, becoming more distinct in the last half whorl ; sur- face marked with coarse transverse wrinkles and faint revolving lines, the latter scarcely perceptible on the outer whorl ; color, dull yellowish, with four brown- ish revolving bands, two of which appear pretty constant, and are situated on each side of the peripheral carina, which is generally whitish ; the two remain- ing bands near the suture and umbilicus respectively, fainter and less constant. Animal resembles If. solitaria in general form, pale, with brownish spots. Greatest diameter 17 mill.; least diameter 14 mill.; height 11 mill. Young specimens only 4 mill, in diameter are very strongly carinated, and flattened above ; semi-transparent, brownish-tawny in color ; delicately marked with close revolving and transverse lines. This shell is closely allied to Helix solitaria, but is smaller, darker-colored and rougher, more distinctly carinated, especially in young specimens ; the shell is also somewhat thicker, the umbilicus is narrower, and the lip encroaches slightly on its circular outline. Loc. Waterton Lake. Rocky Mountains. MICROPHYSA, Albers. Animal as in Palula. Shell umbilieated, depressed, thin, delicately striate, scarcely shining; spire flattened ; suture distinct ; whorls 4-5, rather convex, gradually increasing, the last not descending ; aperture roundly lunate ; peristome thin, perfectly simple, its extremities converging. A West-Indian genus. Two of its species have been introduced into the Southern Region. One indigenous species has, however, been found in the Central Province and one in the Pacific Province. The jaw was supposed to be ribless, and hence the position of the genus in the systems ; I retain it here, though I have found that it has numerous, flat, broad, crowded ribs. In M. turbini/ormis (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X. 79, PI. II. Fig. 2) the ribs seem to be of the character common in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. (See p. 44.) Lingual membrane of vortex, turbiniformh, incrustafa, Lansingi, and Ingersolli only known. The base of attachment of the centrals and laterals is peculiarly quadrate ; both have decided side cusps and cutting points. The change into 170 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. the marginals is made in Ingersolli and incrustata without the splitting of the inner cutting point, but it is otherwise in vortex and iurbiniformis. The margi- nals are low, wide, the inner cutting point is long, blunt, simple in Ingersolli and incrustata, bifid in the other species. The outer cutting points of all are short, varying in number from 1 to 3. Thus in this genus, as in most of the others, we find a certain range of varia- tion in the dentition and jaw. From the above comparisons I have omitted ]\I. Lansingi, whose puzzLng combination of jaw and marginal teeth is described below. Microphysa incrustata, Poey. Vol. HI. PL XXIX. a, Fig. 4. Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, horn-colored, usually incrusted with dirt, with crowded stria? ; spire slightly elevated, composed of 4 or 5 well- rounded whorls separated by a deeply impressed suture ; beneath with a broad umbilicus, one third the diameter of the shell, exhibiting all the whorls within ; aperture circular, being but slightly impinged upon by the penult whorl, its ex- tremities joined by a slightly appressed scale of enamel, rendering the peri- stome continuous; peristome slightly reflexed, so as to render the aperture somewhat campanulate. Greater diameter 4 J, lesser 4 mill. ; height, 2 null. Helix incrustata, Poey, Memorias, I. 208, 212, PI. XII. Figs. 11-16. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 632. — W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., IV. 68, L. & Fr.- W. Sh., I. 70, Fig. 117 (1869). Helix saxicola, Gould in Terr. Moll., II. 174, Fl. XXIX. a, Fig. 4, not Pfeiffer. Helix incrassata, Reeve, Con. Icon., 972. Pscuddhyalina incrustata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 265 (1866). Galveston and Corpus Christi, Texas. Also near Havana, Cuba. It must be considered a species of the Southern Region. Its circular, campanulate aperture, almost disconnected with the preceding whorl, is one of its most striking peculiarities. Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior surface with numerous crowded ribs, bluntly denticulating the lower mar- gin. Lingual membrane with 13 — 1 — 13 teeth, of which 5 are perfect laterals. Centrals quadrate, tricuspid ; laterals like centrals, but bicuspid ; marginals low, wide, with one inner long, blunt, and several short, side, blunt cutting points (PI. III. Fig. S). I formerly placed this species in Patula, but, having recently examined the jaw of a dried specimen in my cabinet (collected over thirty years ago at Gal- veston), I am led to believe that Von Martens is right in placing it in Micro- physa. MICROPHYSA. 171 Microphysa vortex, Pfr. Vol. III. PI. XL VIII. Fig. 2. Shell umbilieated, depressed, pale bluish-white, pearly, very thin, transpar- ent; whorls 5, prominent, with exceedingly minute, oblique striae of increase; suture deeply impressed ; base somewhat convex ; axis open, umbilicus infun- dibuliform; aperture flattened-transverse ; peristome thin, acute, not reflected. Greater diameter 6, lesser b\ mill. ; height, 2| mill. Helix vortex, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Xat. 1839, II. 351 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 95. — Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 110, PI. LXXXVIII. Figs. 7 - 9. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 644(1852). — Gould, Terr. Moll., III. 34. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 117; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. Helix selenina, Gould, Bost. Proc, III. 38 (1S48) ; in Terr. Moll., II. 240, PI. XXIX. a, Fig. 2 ; PI. XLVII1. Fig. 2.- Reeve, Con. Icon., 716 (1862). Hyalina vortex, Thyox, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 252 (1866). Florida Subregion ; Southern Florida and the adjacent islands, introduced from the West-Indian fauna. The species is apparently viviparous, Fig. 116 of Land and Fresh- Water Shells, I., representing an embryonic shell taken from an adult by Mr. Morse. This small species does not exceed Zoniles arhoreus in size. Its transpar- ency is greater than that of any other of our species. The general character of its upper surface is that of depression ; but though the whorls revolve in nearly the same plane, the suture is so deeply impressed that each whorl is rendered convex or- tumid. The umbilicus is of small diameter, but well de- fined and deep. The aperture is transverse, and flattened in its vertical diam- eter ; the peristome is thin, sharp, and not turned outwards. The convexity of the base being greater than that of the upper surface, ail obtuse angle is some- times produced on the periphery of the shell at the line of their junction, which is more or less prominent in different specimens. Jaw not observed. Lingual membrane (PI. III. Fig. T) : 18—1—18 teeth, with 8 laterals. The sixteenth marginal tooth is shown. Microphysa Lansingi, Bland. Shell 1 imperforate, orbicular-depressed, shining, dark horn-colored, smooth above, at the base substriate ; suture impressed ; whorls 5 1, rather convex, the last not descending, obsoletely angular at the periphery, more convex at the base, excavated around the umbilical region; aperture narrow, lunate; peri- stome acute, the right margin thickened within by an obsoletely denticulated 1 T. inrperforata, orbiculato-depressa, fusco-cornea, superne laevigata, basi substriatula; sutura impressa; anfr. [>}, convexiusculi, ultimusnon descendens, ad peripheriam obsolete angulatus, subtus convexior, circa regionem umbilicarem excavatus; apertura anguste lunaris; peristomate aeuto, margine dextro lamella obsolete serrata intus incrassato, colu- mellari vix retiexiusculo. 172 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Fig. 80. lamella, columellar margin scarcely reflected. Greater diameter scarcely 3, lesser 2h mill. ; height, 1 1 mill. (Bland.) Zonitcs Lansingi, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XI. 74, Fig. 1. 2 (1875). In damp moist places, among leaves. Astoria, Oregon, in the Oregonian Region. The aspect of the upper surface of the shell is very like that of Z. mullklentatus (Binney). Mr. Bland places the species in Zonites, hut, owing to the character of the jaw, I am inclined to consider it a Mi- crophysa. One specimen of Lansingi, appearing to have the ani- ,-. mal within it, was crushed between two glass slides, en- Microphysa Lansingi- abling me, without the use of potash, satisfactorily to observe the jaw and teeth remaining uninjured in the tissues of the animal. Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate ; ends scarcely attenuated, blunt ; cutting maro-in without median projection ; anterior surface with 14 broad, unequal, Fig. 81. Jaw and teeth of M Lansingi. crowded, flat ribs, slightly denticulating either margin. The first impression given by the jaw is that it bears narrow, separated ribs, as in Bulimulus, Cylin- drella, etc. A more careful study of it, however, shows the ribs to be very broad, crowded, flat, with narrow interstices between them. Lingual membrane with 17—1—17 teeth; G laterals. Centrals (Fig. B) with the base of attachment longer than wide, the lower lateral angles ex- panded ; upper margin broadly reflected ; reflection very short, tricuspid ; side cusps decidedly developed, short, bearing distinct cutting points; median cusp long, slender, bulging at sides, reaching nearly to the lower edge of the base of MICROPHYSA. 173 attachment, beyond which projects slightly the long, distinct cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower angle of the base of attachment, and inner side cusp and cutting point. Marginals (C) aculeate, their bases of attachment less sole-like than in Zotntes, but more circular in outline. Fig. C shows these bases of attachment. Fig. D gives one marginal tooth in profile. This is the first known instance of a species with ribs on its jaw having aculeate marginal teeth, or of a species furnished with a Zonites-Yike shell hav- ing decided ribs upon the jaw. It will be difficult to find a place for the species under any description of genus or subfamily. The shell is that of Zonites, but that genus has a ribless jaw with median projection. It will be seen that its ribbed jaw and aculeate marginal teeth do not sustain my assertion (p. 47) that for the larger divisions these organs may be relied on as systematic char- acters. The result of my examination of this species was as unexpected as it is puzzling. Microphysa Ingersolli, Bland. Shell 1 umbilicated, discoidal, thin, transludd, nearly smooth, white; spire flat, summit subimmersed; suture impressed ; whorls 5|, rather convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, more convex below „. g „ the periphery ; breadth of umbilicus nearly 1 mill. ; aperture subvertical, higher than broad, lunate ; peri- stome simple, acute, margins remote, columellar margin slightly reflexed, basal margin subsinuate. Greater diameter 4, lesser 3| mill.; height, 2 ^ mill. (Bland.) Helix Ingcrsollii, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., XI. 151, Fig. (1874). — Ingersoll, Special Rep. on Recent Moll, of Colorado, ed. 2, 1870, p. 397. A species of the Central Province. Howardsville, Baker's Park, 9,300 feet above, the sea, abundant in wet places on the mountains ; not uncommon at Cunningham . 1 ° Microphysa Ingersolli, Gulch, near the former locality, clinging to the almost enlarged, vertical face of a trachyte cliff", at an elevation of about 11,000 feet; the finest specimens came from this spot; found also on .the southern slope of the Sa- guache Mountains, in the Las Animas and La Plata Valleys, in the same sta- tions as affected by Succinea. All the localities mentioned are in the south- western corner of Colorado. 1 T. umbilicata, discoidea, tenuis, translncida, sublevis, alba; spira plana, vertice sub- immersa ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 5£, convexiusculi, lente acrescentes, ultimus non descen- dens, infra peripheriam convexior ; umbilicus fere 1 mill, latus ; apertura subverticalis, altior quam lata, lunaris ; perist. simplex, acutum, marginibiis_remotis, columellari bre- vissime patente, basali subsinuato. 174 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. This species was discovered by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, Naturalist of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, under Professor Hayden. It can scarcely be compared with any known North American species. At first sight I was disposed to consider the species a Zonites, but examina- tion of the animal proved it to belong to the Helicea. Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated ; whole anterior sur- face with about 22 broad, flat, slightly separated ribs, whose ends denticulate either margin. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 16 — 1 — 16. Centrals as usual in the Helicea (PI. III. Fig. V). The side cusps and cutting points are well developed, the base of attachment longer than wide. Laterals of same type, but asymmetrical, and consequently only bicuspid. The change from laterals to marginals (8th and 9th teeth of figure) is very gradual, there being no splitting of the inner cutting point. Marginals (16th tooth of figure) very low, wide, with one inner, long, blunt cutting point, and one outer, small, blunt. The low, wide marginal teeth of this species are peculiar. Spurious Species of Microphysa. Microphysa minuscula of Von Martens (Alb., ed. 2) is a Zonites (q. v.). HEMITROCHUS, Swainson. Animal heliciform (of H. various), stout, anteriorly blunt, posteriorly long, acutely terminating; mantle central, thin, simple, protected by a shell; no dis- tinct locomotive disk ; no caudal mucus pore ; respiratory and anal orifices subcentral, on the right side of the mantle, under the peristome of the shell ; generative orifice not observed, probably behind the right eye-peduncle. Shell external, with the perforation open Animal of H. variant. or c i ose d, globose, shining ; spire short ; whorls 4-5, the last large, deflexed at the aperture ; columella dilated at the base; aperture contracted, subvertical, roundly lunate ; peristome simple, obtuse, la- biate within, its margins distant. A West-Indian genus;., one species has been introduced into the Florida Subregion. In Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., X. 341, I have, in connection with my friend Mr. Bland, shown the necessity of using this name in preference to 1'ohjmita. I will here simply repeat that the type of the latter genus is muscarum, Lea, from which the other species formerly associated with it differ generically in dentition. They will therefore be known by the first published name, Hemitrochus. HEMITROCHUS. 175 The jaw is strongly arched with acuminated ends, smooth anterior surface, and decided median prominence to cutting margin. Fig. 84 represents the jaw of varians. The other West-Indian species examined by me 1 J Fig. 84. have the same type of jaw. The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. L) has about 33—1—33 teeth; another specimen gave 43 — 1 — 43 teeth, with 17 perfect laterals. The central tooth has a long, narrow base of attach- ment with lower, outer angular expansions and incurved lower margin. The reflected portion is only about one half the length of the base of attachment, is short, and bears one short, stout cusp with an equally short, stout cutting point ; the side cusps and cutting points are obsolete. The lat- erals are the same as the centrals, but asymmetrical. The outer laterals, com- mencing at the 11th, have a side cusp and cutting point; the inner cutting point is bifid on the 16th tooth; after this the change into the marginals is rapid. The marginals are low, wide, and have one broad, long, oblique, bluntly bifid cutting point, the inner division the smaller, and a very much shorter side cutting point. This side cutting point is also sometimes bluntly bifid in the extreme marginal teeth. The dentition of the other species of this genus, extralimital to North America, examined by me, agrees with that of this species. (See Pr. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1874, 56.) Hemitrochus varians, Menke. Vol. III. Pis. XLVI., XL VII. Shell subim perforate, of medium size, solid, conic-globose, delicately striate, but leaving the surface smooth and shining ; the ground-»color is variable, beinc white, dusky, greenish or reddish, and either plain or variously encircled by dark bands ; the apex and the peristome, especially the columellar portion, is always rose-red, and generally, likewise, the throat ; the spire is elevated, com- posed of about 5j convex whorls, the outermost broadly rounded at the periph- ery ; the base is moderately convex and perforated by a minute umbilicus, nearly covered by the expanded and flattened peristome ; aperture small, ap- proaching two thirds of a circle ; peristome acute, thickened within, a little everted, becoming more so towards its inner junction. Greater diameter 19, lesser 17 mill.; axis, 15 mill. Helix varians, Menke, teste Pfeiffer. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., I. 238 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, II. 221, PI. CIX. Figs. 1-5. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 51, PI. LXXVIII. Fig. 22. — L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 184 (1869). Helix carnicolor, Pfeiffek, Symb., I. 37. — Deshayes in Fer., I. 205, PI. XXIX. A, Figs. 14-17. — Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 283 (1852). Helix Pisana, Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, IX. Part 2, 139, t. CXXXII. Fig. 1186, 1187. — Ferussac, Hist. 1. c. ? — Not of Muller. 176 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Helix submeris, Mighels, Bost. Proc, I. 187 (1844). ■ — Ffeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., III. 183. Helix rhodocheila, Binney (formerly), Terr. Moll., I. Hemitrochus hecmastomus, Swainson, Malac. 165, Fig. 19? Helix polychroa, Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 123, Pis. XLVI., XLVII. Polymita varians, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 321 (1866). A species of the West-Indian fauna, common on New Providence; found also in the Florida Subregion on the Keys, Key West, Key Biscay ne, Cape Florida. Animal (see Vol. IV. Pi. LXXV1II. Fig. 22) : body of a delicate white color, very finely granulated ; eye-peduncles rather long ; a dark line arising between the eye-peduncles and along the back passes under the shell ; a fainter line is found along each side of the neck. Among the varieties the following may be enumerated : — a. Elevated, white with a median black band on the outer whorl, which is sutural on the spire margined with pale citron. /3. The same, with two approximate black basal bands. y. Elevated, white with two narrow bands on the outer whorls, one of which is median, the other sutural on the spire, the latter interrupted. 8. The same, with a broad basal fascia. t. Yellowish, with numerous bands partially blended by dusky lines in the direction of the increment. f. Fuliginous, with a single white peripheral fascia and white umbilical area. (This variety was described by Dr. Mighels under the name of H. submeris.) t]. Depressed, ashy-olive, with a white peripheral band. 6. Elevated, uniform yellowish green. i. Uniform pale reddish. For jaw and dentition, see above, p. 174. Genitalia not examined. HOLOSPIRA, Mart. & Alb. Animal unknown. Shell rimate, turreted or fusiform, apex conical, not truncated ; whorls 11 - 14, the last not at all or but slightly protracted, carinated at base; colu- mella plicate; aperture quadrangular; peristome free, expanded. A Mexican genus, extending into the Texan Subregion. It was formerly considered a subgenus of Cylindrella, but now is known to widely differ in jaw and dentition. There are two species of this genus found within our limits, H. Gohlfussi and Roemcri. I have not been able to examine the lingual membrane of H. Roe- me?i, but, thanks to Mr. Bland, I have examined and figured (PI. IV. Fig. N) that of H. Gohlfussi. There are 26—1—26 teeth, with about 9 laterals. The cusps of the marginals are quite widely separated. The general characters of the teeth are as described below. I can refer also to Messrs. Fischer and HOLOSPIRA. 177 Crosse for information regarding the jaw and dentition (Journ. de Conch., XVIII. 13, 1870, PL V., and Moll. Mex. et Guat., 320, PI. XVI.). The lingual membrane in //. Tryoni and P/eifferi, examined and figured by those authors, is of the same type. The centrals and laterals have a single short cusp, bearing a short, blunt cutting point, both side cusps and side cutting points being absent; marginal teeth a simple modification of the laterals, which pass very gradually into them, quadrate, wide, low, with one long, inner, obtuse cutting point, and one outer, side, short, blunt cutting point. The jaw is arcuate, with slightly acuminated, blunt ends, thin, anterior sur- face ribless ; cutting edge simple ; transversely and vertically striated. Holospira Roemeri, Pfr. Shell scarcely rimate, subcylindrical, with an obtusely conic non-truncated spire, substriate, light flesh-colored; whorls 14, narrow, rather flattened, the last carinated at base, separated from the shell and twisted ; aper- . ' Fig 85 ture vertical, oblong, circular, within narrowed by a fold on its right margin ; peristome continuous, equally and briefly expanded. Length 13-14, diameter 4^ mill. ; ap. 3 mill, long, 2\ broad. /3. Smaller, more ventricose above; whorls 12, the last more briefly loosened. Length, 11 mill.; diameter above the middle, 4 mill. Cylindrella Roemeri, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 383 ; in Roe- mer's Texas, 456 ; in Chemn., ed. 2, No. 81, PL VII. Figs. 4-6. ^) — W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 150; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 24, Fig. ,„,, . H Roemtri. 18 (1869). Holospira Roemeri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 312 (1868). New Braunfels and Howard Springs, Texas. It has not been noticed outside the Texan Subregion. Holospira Goldfussi, Menkk. Shell umbilicated, elongated, more ventricose at the middle, Fig. 86. apex conic, not truncated, thin, diaphanous, light horn-color, marked & with numerous light, subarcuate stria?; whorls 12, scarcely convex, Kj narrow, the last slightly extended beyond the body of the shell, Wi carinated, its right side somewhat furrowed, rounded at base ; aperture subvertical, obliquely and subtriangularly pear-shaped ; m^ peristome slightly expanded at its entire circumference, its right termination flexuose. Axis with revolving lamella, and also with a curious one on the under side of the septum of the third whorl from the base. Length, 11 mill.; diameter, 4 J mill. Cylindrella Goldfussi, Menke, in Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1847, III. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 383. — Philliiti, Icon., III. '6, Tab. III. 9 (1847).— VOL. IV. 12 178 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. W. G. Binney, T. M., IV. 151, PI. LXXIX. Fig. 33 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I. 24, Fig. 19 (1869). Holospira Goldfussi, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., III. Fl. XV. Fig. 31 (1869). Texas, on the Blanco; a species of the Texas Subregion. In the penultimate whorl of Goldfussi there are 4 lamellae : one strongly de- veloped, situated on the under side of the upper septum, and in length about equal to one half of the circumference of the whorl ; another on the upper sur- face of the lower septum, immediately beneath and opposite to the above-men- tioned lamella, and of about equal length, but not so much developed ; a third lamella on the middle of the lower half of, and revolving on, the axis; the fourth on the inner side of the outer wall of the shell (opposite the axial lamella), and visible from the exterior. For lingual membrane and jaw, see p. 176. ONCHIDELLA, Gray. Animal limaciform; body oblong or oval; mantle covering the whole body and reflected under the body, smooth or granular, without tufts or radiating processes on the dorsal surface ; foot lg ' " broad, simple posteriorly ; oral append- ages lobate, simple, undivided ; tentacles none ; eyes at the end of long, club- shaped retractile peduncles. Respira- tory orifice posterior, at the right side. Anal orifice separate, posterior ; male organ under the right eye-peduncle, fe- O boreaii* male orifice at the posterior extremity of the body. No caudal mucus pore. No distinct locomotive disk, though the reflection of the mantle on either side of the foot gives a tripartite appearance to the under surface of the body. Shell none. In three specimens of 0. borealis examined I found a jaw (Fig. 88), low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated, blunt, anterior surface ribless. Lingual membrane (PI. V. Fig. B) long and wide. Teeth about 61 — 1 — 61, Fig. 88. arranged strongly en chevron. The central tooth is large, longer than wide, truncated above, expanded below its mid- dle, and incurved at the. basal margin. Tin; reflection is Jaw of O. borealis. . large, tricuspid, each cusp bearing a decided cutting point. The side teeth have a long, narrow base of attachment, a small part of its upper portion thrown outwards, the balance curving inwards, giving an irregu- lar bow-shape to the whole base of attachment, — whose upper and lower edges are abruptly truncated. The reflection is near the base, and consists of a very TERENNOPHORUS. 179 small, inner cusp, bearing a small conical cutting point, and another, outer, larger cusp, bearing an extraordinarily developed, wide, expanding, bluntly truncated cutting point. As the teeth pass outwards towards the outer margin of the membrane, they at first increase and then decrease in size, but retain the same shape quite to the edge. The dentition of several Eastern species has also been published. The OnchidiidcE are described as agnathous, but I am confident of having observed the jaw figured. I found none in Onchidium Schrammi (see Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X. 339). Onchidella borealis, Dall. Animal small, black, with dots and streaks of yellowish white, foot light colored, also muzzle and tentacles. Back regularly rounded, but a little pointed in the middle; smooth or very finely granulose, tough, and coriaceous. Eyes globular, blue, on very short constricted tentacles. Muzzle short, rounded-transverse. Head not produced beyond the anterior edge of the mantle. Sexual appendages on the right side, near the head. Foot ovate, narrow, rather roundly pointed behind. Lon., .3 in. Hab. Sitka, Alaska Ter- ritory, on the rocks near tide-marks, especially on the small islets in the Bay. (Dall.) Onchidella borealis, Dai.l, August, 1866, Am. Journ. Conch., VII. 135. Found from Prince William's Sound to Vancouver's Island, by Mr. Dall, to whom I am indebted for specimens, one of which is figured on p. 178. For jaw and lingual membrane see above. TEBENNOPHORUS, Finn. Animal limaciform. Body somewhat flattened, terminating obtusely, or in a somewhat truncated form, obtuse anteriorly. Back convex, more flat when fully extended. Integuments with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing with each other, and having a general longitudinal direction. Mantle covering the whole body. Foot expanded at its margin, and visible beyond the sides of the mantle ; no locomotive disk. Respiratory orifice near the head, some way to the rear of the right eye-peduncle. Anal orifice contiguous Fj to, and a little above and in advance of the pulmonary orifice. Orifice of organs of generation behind and below the right eye-peduncle. Without terminal mucus pore. No external or internal shed. ng^™. Jaw horn-colored, arcuate, with irregular concave margin, Carolmiensis. bearing a blunt, slightly projecting beak ; terminations blunt ; the anterior sur- face convex, without a decided median carina, and strongly striate. The genus is not peculiarly American, as it is also found in Asia. In North 180 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. America it ranges over the whole Eastern Province, in Mexico and into Central America. The internal rudimentary, nail-like shell described by Dr. Gray has not been noticed by any American author. The habits of the genus are similar to those of the native species of Limax. This genus was first described, in 1842, by Dr. Binney (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, IV. 163), under the name of 1'ebennophorus. No other descriptions of it had then been published. The species of it have been referred by various authors to other genera, such as Limax, which differs in having a small shield- like mantle, a different shaped jaw, etc. ; and to Philomycus, a genus distin- guished by the absence of a mantle. The latter genus probably existed only in the fertile imagination of Rafinesque, the same "habitat" where flourished Tremesia and Deroceras} Ferussac repeats (1823) the description of Rafinesque, but never had seen an individual of the genus. He suggests that Limax Caroliniensis, Bosc, may Belong to it, judging from the figure alone. Gray, H. and A. Adams, and Morch adopt the name of Philomycus, on the supposition that Rafinesque had before him a Tebennophorus when describing Philomycus (in 1820). It may be he had, but as he did not make it so appear, I have preferred adopting the first name evidently applying to it. Meghimatium, or Incillaiia, an Asiatic genus, is identical with Tebenno- phorus. One species only is known to exist within our limit3, T. Caroliniensis. It has an arched jaw (Fig. 89), with blunt, scarcely attenuated ends, ribless ante- rior surface, and decided blunt median projection to the cutting edge. The jaw is thick, coarse, with vertical and parallel transverse lines of reinforcement, but has no appearance of ribs. I have verified this fact by examining numer- ous specimens of all ages from various parts of the country. My observations have been confirmed by Morse also (Journ. Portland Soc Nat. Hist. 1864, 7). I am therefore inclined to doubt the identity of the specimen which Heyne- mann (Mai. Blatt. 1S62, PI. III. Fig. 12) describes with a ribbed jaw. Bergh (Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Wien, XX. 833) suggests that Heynemann may have had Pallifcra dorsalis before him. Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1865, suggests that it may have been Veronicella Floridana. At all events I do not believe it could have been the species now under consideration. I suspect it to have been Pall if era Wetherbyi. The lingual membrane (PI. IV. Fig. O) is arranged as usual in the Helicea. Morse counted 115rowsof 56 — 1 — 56 teeth; another membrane gave 49 — 1 — 49 teeth, with 22 perfect laterals ; I have myself counted 56 — 1 — 56 teeth, with 11 1 See descriptions of these singular animals in the new edition of Rafinesque's Com- plete Conchological Writings. Bailliere, New York, 1864. See also Terr. Moll. I, 51, 52. TEBEKXOrHORUS. 181 perfect laterals. The central teeth have a very long narrow hase of attachment widening towards the lower margin, which is excavated. There is a line of re- inforcement running parallel to the lower edge, and for a short distance along the sides. The reflected portion equals only one fourth of the length of the base of attachment. It is stout, and bears a short, stout, median cusp, having a short, blunt cutting point. There are no side cusps or cutting pointa. The laterals are like the centrals, but asymmetrical ; their reflected por- tion is also longer. The outer laterals b have an outer side cusp. The marginals c are a simple modification of the laterals, being quadrate, longer than wide, with one inner broad, long, oblique, bluntly pointed cutting point, bearing an inner, side, short, acute cutting point. These cutting points on the extreme marginals d are simply short and bluntly rounded. Some membranes examined by me seemed to have an extension to the base of attachment beyond the upper margin of the reflected portion, to which it was parallel This membrane is peculiar in the long, narrow base of attachment and short reflected portion of the central and first lateral teeth. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Bosc. Vol. III. PI. LXIII. Figs. 1, 2. Color of upper surface whitish, or yellowish-white, v?riegated with clouds and spots of brownish and blackish, so arranged as to form three ill-defined longitudinal bands, one on the centre of the back, and one on each flank, ex- tending from the head to the posterior extremity, anastomosing more or less with each other, and having smaller spots of the sanje color between them ; inferior margin white, or yellowish; foot whitish. Mouth surrounded with a circular row of papillae. Body elongated, subcylindricaL flattened towards its posterior extremity, which is obtuse ; eye-peduncles \ of an inch long, brownish or blackish, stout, terminating in a bulb; ocular points on the superior part of the bulb ; tentacles immediately below the eye-peduncles, white, very short, nearly conical. Mantle fleshy, covering the whole body, its anterior edge tinged with brownish, and falling in a slight curve between the two eye-pedun- cles, reaching on the sides to the margin of the foot; posterior extremity rounded ; cuticle covered with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing with each other, and having a general tendency to a longitudinal direction, with shallow furrows between, lubricated witli a watery mucus, and susceptible of contractions which produce a slow, undulatory motion, like the flowing of water, over the whole surface. Foot whitish, extending a little beyond the mantle posteriorly, showing a whitish flattened border. Orifice of the organs of gen- eration on the right side, at a little distance behind and below the eye-pedun- cles. Respiratory orifice large, on the right side, \ of an inch behind the origin of the eye-peduncle; anal orifice in close contact, a little above and in 182 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. front of it; above the respiratory orifice, on the back, is a deep curved furrow, running upwards and backwards. Locomotive band not distinguished from the lower surface of the foot. Greatest length, when fully extended, 100 mill.; ordinary length, 75 mill. Limax Garoliniensis, Bosc, "Vers de Buffon de Deterville, 80, PI. III. Fig. 1. — Ferussac, Hist., 77, PI. VI. Fig. 3. — Deshayes, in Lam., 2d ed., VII. 719 (1836): ed. 3, III. 264 (1839). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. Limax Carolinianus, De Roissy, Buffon de SONNINI, V. p. 185 (An XIII). Limax togata, Gould, Inverteb. Mass. 3 (1841). Pkylomicus Carolinensis, Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 15. — Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 158.— H. & A. Adams, Gen., II. 220. — Che.nu, Man. de Conch., I. 469, Fig. 3479 (1859). — Keferstein (anat), Zeit. fur Wiss. Zool., Bd. XVI. I. 183, PL IX. (1866). — Bergh in Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. in Wein. XX. p. 833, an- atomy (1870). — Heynemann, Mai. Blatt. 1863, p. 212, t. III. Fig. 12, anat. (?) Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 171 (1842) ; Terr. Moll., II. 20, PI. LXIII. Figs. 1, 2. —Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 24, PI. III. Fig. 1 (1843). — Wyman, Bost Journ. Nat. Hist., IV. 410, PI. XXII. (1844), anat. — Lei dy, T. M. U. S. , I. 250, PI. III. (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 3 ; L. & Fr.-AV. Sh., I. 297 (1869). —Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 7, Fig. 3; PI. III. Fig. 4 (1864). — Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 457, Figs. 715, 716 (1870). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 310(1868). Limax marmbratus, DeKay, Cat. N. Y. An., 31, no descr. (1839). — Linsley, Shells of Conn., Sill. Journ. [i], XLVIII. 279, no descr. From Canada to Texas and Florida ; a species of the Eastern Province. In this species the head never projects beyond the mantle. The tentacles and eye-peduncles are contractile and retractile, as in the other slugs. When handled it secretes from the skin a thick, milky, adhesive mucus. Small individuals Buspend themselves by a thread. We have noticed its posterior extremity curved upwards when the animal was in motion; at other times flattened and expanded, and again very much corrugated, and apparently trun- cated ; sometimes there appear to be one or more mucous glands at this part, and the secretion of mucus from it is more plentiful than from other parts of the body. The mantle is not cleft from the respiratory foramen to the margin, as in most of the slugs, but is provided with a deep furrow or canal running from the orifice to the edge of the mantle below it. It is very inactive and sluggish in its motions. It inhabits forests, under the bark, and in the interior of the decayed trunks of fallen trees, among which it is particularly partial to the Basswood (Tilia Americana). The variations from the common coloring are numerous. We have already observed the following varieties : — a. Whitish, without clouded spots, tending to grayish. b. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally. TEBENNOPHORUS. 183 c. Irregularly clouded with brownish, without any tendency to longitudinal arrangement. d. With three distinct rows of large clouded spots. e. With great numbers of fine black spots. f. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each side. g. Blackish-gray, with black lines along each side, and an indistinct line down the middle of the back. The appearance of the surface of the mantle is constantly changing, from the play of light on its lubricated eye-peduncles, tentacles, and furrows, which are in almost ceaseless motion. There can be no doubt that this is the animal originally described by Bosc under the name of Limax Caroliniensis, though his description is so imperfect that it can only be recognized by the arrangement of colors which belongs to it. His original drawing, engraved in Ferussac's work, is a tolerably accurate representation of one of its varieties. He makes no mention of the mantle, and it does not appear in the figure. An individual of this species kept in confinement deposited about 30 eggs, June 20, 1843 ; on the 10th of July the young made their way out of the shell. The eggs were semi-transparent, oval, about \ of an inch in the greatest diam- eter. The young when excluded were more than a fourth of a inch long, semi- transparent and gelatinous ; eye-peduncles and tentacles bluish-black at base, black at tip, the latter very minute and hardly, visible. Body broad ; back whitish, with two distinct rows of minute black dots down the middle, and other scattering spots on the sides. No perceptible furrow between the mantle and body. They increased very rapidly in size, and in a few days were four times as large as when hatched. Of the synonymes I have quoted, Limax togata is said by Gould (Otia, 182) to be identical ; and Limax marmoratus, of DeKay, I have ascertained to be the same from the correspondence of my father with Dr. Newcomb. For jaw and lingual dentition see p. 180. The genitalia are figured by Leidy, 1. c. The testicle lies upon the right side, partly concealed by the liver; it is round and lobulated. The epididymis is tortuous. The vas deferens is very long, tortuous, and muscular. It joins the penis sac at its summit, and has the retractor muscle inserted into it the length of the penis above the latter. The penis sac is irregularly cylin- droid, bent at its summit. The ovary is exceedingly lobulated. The oviduct is tortuous, wide, and very much sacculated. The prostate gland is longer than in Limax or Arion. The generative bladder is large, globular, or nearly so. Its duct is rathir less than half the length of the oviduct. At its junction with the neck of the latter an oval muscular organ exists, the dart sac. With- in the latter, at the bottom, is a hemispherical papilla, upon the summit of which is placed a white, calcareous, calcarate dart. At the junction of the vagina, common to the neck of the oviduct, duct of the generative bladder, and the 184 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. dart sac, with the penis, there are two short rt tractor muscles inserted. The cloaca is narrow and cylindrical, and has surrounding two thirds of its middle a thick glandular organ. Interiorly, the penis sac, cloaca, etc., have a longitu- dinal rugose surface. Spurious Species of Tebennophorus, etc. Tebennopkorus bilineatus, Cart., United States, of Grateloup (Dist. Geog. p. 30), is unknown to me. Philomycus quadrilus, fuscus, oryrus, and flcxuolnris of Rafinesque (see Vol. I. p. 51 and 52), and Philomycus (Eumelus) Hindus and nebulosus are placed in the same genus as Tebennophorus Carolinmsis by Gray and Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat. They are unknown to me. Tebennophorus dorsalis : see Pallifera. HELICODISCUS, Morse. Animal heliciform : mantle posterior, thin, simple, protected by a shell ; other characters as in P alula. Shell discoidal, widely umbilicatcd, not shining; spire concave ; whorls 4, equally visible above and below, the last scarcely larger than the rest, not deflected ; aperture rounded, vertical ; several pairs of tubercles at intervals within, on the inner surface of the outer whorl ; peristome simple, straight, its margins distant. Jaw, according to Morse, of the only known spe- cies, H. lineatus, low, wide, crescentic, ends much at- FiG . 91 tenuated, acute ; cutting margin with a median, beak-like projection ; anterior surface without ribs, but covered with striae converging ob- jaw of H. lineatus. lj que ly towards the beak -like prominence. Fi^. 92 shows the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingual mem- brane. The characters of the separate teeth are better shown in Plate IV. Fig. 92. Fig. 90. \ V- Animal of H lineatus, enlarged (Morse). Lingual dentition of if. lineatus (Morse). Fi<'. M. Morse gives 77 rows of 12 — 1 — 12 teeth, each with 4 perfect laterals. Leidy, in Vol. II. 262, Fig., gives 13—1—13 teeth, with 5 perfect laterals. The membrane examined by me has 12—1—12 teeth, with 4 perfect laterals. The central teeth have a base of attachment very small, longer than wide, with expanded lower angles, and reflected upper margin. Reflection very small, HELICODISCUS. 185 with a stout, short, median cusp, and very short, blunt side cusps, all the cusps with short cutting points. The lateral teeth have a base of attachment three times as wide, and somewhat longer than the centrals, and asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lower lateral expansion; the upper margin is broadly reflected ; the reflection is short but symmetrical, having two equally developed short, stout side cusps, bearing short cutting points ; the median cusp is stout, long, extending nearly to the lower edge of the base of attach- ment, beyond which projects slightly the short cutting point. The marginals are low and wide, the reflection as broad as the base of at- tachment, reaching nearly to its lower edge, and furnished with one inner, long, bluntly bifid, stout, oblique cutting point, and two or more short outer cut- ting points. The same form of marginal is found in Pupa. The membrane is very peculiar in the lateral teeth, not only from their large size, but also from their symmetrical, tricuspid reflection, quite like the usual arrangement of central teeth in the Helicea. Similar lateral teeth are found in Zonites Gundlachi. Helicodiscus lineatus, Say. Vol. III. PI. XLYIII. Fig. 1. Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal ; epidermis greenish ; whorls about 4, visible on the base of the shell as well as above, with numerous equidistant, parallel, raised lines revolving upon them ; suture much impressed ; aperture remote from the axis, semi-lunate, narrow, not expanding ; peristome acute, thin ; umbilicus w r ide, forming a concave depression of the base, each volution visible to the apex ; within the aperture, on the external circumference, are placed from 1 to 3 pairs of minute, conical, white teeth, the first pair in sigh', when looking into the aperture, the others more remote. Greater diameter 3i, lesser 3 mill.; height, lijr mill. Helix lincata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., I. IS (1817); II. 273 (1S24) ; Nich. Encycl., 3d ed., IV. (1819) ; Binney's ed. 7, 24. —Binney, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist., III. 436, PL XXII. Fig. 6(1840); Terr. Moll., II. 261, PL XLYIII. Fig. 1. — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 44 (1S43). — Gould, Invert., 179, Fig. 10:5 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 (1842). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 44 ; Hist,, PL LXXIX. Fig. 1. — Deshayes in Fer., I. SO. — Chemnitz, 2d ed., II. 203, tab. CI. Figs. 13- 15. — Pfeiffer, Mon. ILL Viv., I. 184. — Reeve, Con. Icon., 724 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV. 123. — Morse, Amer. Nat., I. 546, Fig. 44 (1867). Planarbis parallclus, Say (?), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., II. 164 (1821); ed. Binney, 63. Hyalina ? Uneata, W. G. Binney, I, fc Fr.-W. Sh., I. 52 (1869). — Goeld ami Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (187"). Helicodiscus lincata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Sue, I. 25, Figs. 61, 62, PI. II. Fig. 3; PI. VIII. Fig. 63 (1S64). — Tuyon, Am. Journ. Conch., II. 264 (1866). 186 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS. Inhabits all of the Eastern, Central, and Pacific Provinces, having been found from Gaspe to Texas ; on the Rio Chaiua, New Mexico ; in Idaho ; in Oakland, California. Jaw : see p. 184. Lingual membrane : see p. 184. Animal (see p. 184) nearly white or rather translucent, mottled with small white blotches; body long and narrow; upper posterior portion of foot con- spicuously furrowed. In motion the shell lies perfectly flat on the extreme posterior portion of body, the eye-peduncles standing nearly perpendicularly, and the head with tentacles thrust out some way beyond the base of eye- peduncles ; eyes scarcely visible ; animal very short posteriorly. This peculiar shell is distinguished by its discoidal form, greenish color, the fine revolving lines upon its whorls, and the singular teeth which are placed in the interior of the outer whorl. These teeth are arranged in pairs, on the ex- ternal side of the parietes of the cavity, one of each pair being on the superior and one on the inferior part of the whorl. They are prominent, white, and conical, and may be discovered through the semi-transparent shell. One pair is so near the aperture as easily to be seen, on looking into it; the other is dis- tant nearly one half a volution from the peristome, and is of course invisible except through the shell. At least one pair will be found to exist in every specimen, when carefully sought for ; in one instance, I noticed a third pair still further within the whorl. Noticed under the bark, or in the interstices of wet and decaying wood, and under layers of wet leaves and stones, in damp places, in forests. FERUSSACIA, Risso. Animal heliciform, as in Palula, obtuse before, pointed behind ; mantle sub- central, thin, simple, protected by a shell ; anal and respiratory orifices on the right of mantle, under the peristome of the shell ; gen- F 'g 93 - erative orifice behind the right eye-peduncle ; no loco- motive disk ; no caudal mucus pore. Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth, pellucid, glistening, dark horn-colored ; whorls rather convex ; aperture less than one half the shell's length, ovate ; Animal of Ferics.\acia . (Reeve) columella more or less truncated ; peristome blunt, its margins joined by callus. The genus seems most developed around the Mediterranean Sea, but it is found also in Madeira and Australia. Our only species is circumpolar. The jaw is low, slightly arcuate, wide, with but slightly attenuated, blunt ends; cutting edge with a slightly produced, wide, median projection; anterior surface without ribs, but with fine vertical striae. There is a strong muscular attachment on its upper margin. (See Fig. 94.) FERUSSACIA. 187 Lingual membrane as usual in the Helicca. PI. IV. Fig. R, as well as that of the jaw, I drew from a Maine specimen, furnished by Mr. Anson Allen. There were 24 — 1 — 24 teeth, with 8 perfect Fie 94 laterals. The central teeth are small and narrow in proportion to the laterals, with a long, narrow base of attachment, expanding at its lower angles. The reflected portion is Jaw of F "*» to * i * very small, tricuspid ; the central cusp stout, short ; the side cusps small, blunt ; all the cusps bear short cutting points. The lateral teeth are about as wide as high in their base of attachment, which is subrectangular. The whole upper edge is squarely reflected. The reflection is very short, and bears a stout, blunt, long, inner cusp, reaching al- most to the lower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing a long, blunt cutting point, which reaches beyond the lower edge. The outer side cusp of the reflection is widely separated from the inner cusp, is very short, bluntly rounded, and bears a short, blunt cutting point. The first marginals (Fig. b) are but a modification of these laterals, by the greater development of the re- flection, and shortening of the inner cusp. The outer marginals (Fig. c) be- come wide, low, irregular in shape ; the upper edge broadly reflected, the reflection reaching the lower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing along its whole length numerous (6 or 8 in some teeth) short subequal denticles, some bluntly rounded, others longer and sharp, giving a pectinate appearance. Ferussacia subcylindrica, Lixn. Vol. III. PI. LII. Fig. 4. Shell small, thin, transparent, oblong-oval ; epidermis smoky horn-color, smooth, very bright and shining ; whorls 5 or 6, somewhat rounded, the last equalling two fifths the shell's length, rounded at base ; apex obtuse ; suture somewhat impressed ; aperture lateral, oval, its plane nearly parallel with the axis of the shell; peristome simple, thickened, often slightly rufous; umbilicus imperforate ; columella obsoletely truncated at base. Length, 6 mill.; diameter, 2.V mill.; aperture, 2^ mill, long, | mill, wide- Helix subcylindrica, Linn., Syst. ed. XII., II. 1248 (1767). —Not Mont. Helix lubrica, MttLLER, Verm. Hist., I. 104 (1774). Bulimus lubricus, Dkaparnaud, Moll., 75, PI. IV. 24. — Gofi.d, Invertebrata, 193, Fig. 124 (1841). —Adams, Shells of Vermont, 157 (1842). — DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 55, PI. III. Fig. 43 (1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll., II. 283, PI. LII. Fig. 4. Achatina lubrica, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., II. 272. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, IV. 138. Zua lubrica, Leach, Moll., p. 114. — Gray, Man., 188. —Reeve, Brit. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 93 (1863). Cionclla lubrica, Jeffreys, Linn. Trans., XVI. 327. 188 TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHIXG MOLLUSKS. Zua subajlindrica, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., III. 299 (1868). Cionclla subajlindrica, W. G. BlNNEY, L. k Fr.-W. Sh., I. 224 (1SG9). — Gould and BlNNEY, Inv., 431, Fig. 690 (1870). Ferussacia lubrica, Pfii., Mon., VI. 245 (1868). Bulimics lubricoidcs, Stimpson, Sh. ofN. E., 54. Bulimus subcylindricus, Moquin-Tandox, Moll. Fr., II. 304, Fl. XXII. Figs. 15-19. Zua lubricoidea, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, I. 30, Figs. 79, 81, 84; PL X. Fig. 82 (1S64) ; Amer. Nat., I. 607, Fig. 49 (1868). From Canada to the Red River of the North, andjEnglish River ; in Ne- braska ; in New England and the States bordering the great lakes. Thus it belongs to the Northern Region of the Eastern Province. In the Central Prov- ince it has been found in Colorado, at Fort Wingate in New Mexico. In the Pacific Province in California and in Alaska. It is a eircumpolar species, common to the three continents. In Europe it is found in Spain, Italy, and Illyria, as well as the extreme northern countries. Pfeiffer also quotes it from Madeira. Animal : head, back, and eye-peduncles blue-black, foot paler, shorter than the shell; tentacles short. (See Fig. 93, p. 180.) This little species, which is hardly larger than a grain of wheat, is certainly identical with the European shell. It is distributed over a vast expanse of country, and exists in immense numbers in certain favorable localities. Its usual place of abode is under leaves and the bark of decaying trees, in forests and groves. Its surface has a peculiarly brilliant reflection, which excels tin. of any other of our shells; and hence it has been known in France as "la bril- lante." There is a slight sinuosity at the union of the peristome with the columella, rendering the aperture a little effuse at this point, and approximat- ing the shell to the genus Achatina. This, and its other departures from the typical Bulimuli, have caused it, in several instances, to receive a generic distinction. Dr. Leach first indicated it as a separate genus, under the name Zua. My study of the membrane confirms my belief of the identity of the species with the European form (sec p. 187). I have carefully compared the dentition of our form with that described and figured by Lehinann (Lebenden Schnec- ken, 132, PI. XIII. Fig. 44), and find them to agree. I must, therefore, disa- gree with the decision of Morse (Journ. Portl. Soc). I have also examined the genitalia of our species, and found it to agree with Lehmann's figure (1. c), expecially in the existence of the very peculiar flagellum to the penis sac. This, however, cannot be. considered as a most reliable specific character pecu- liar to this species, as it exists also in Coecilianella acicula. I am very confident of the presence of well-developed side cusps to the central teeth, which Morse (1. c.) docs not figure, though they are figured by Thomson, Ann. Mag. N. H., VII., PI. IV. Fig. 8. They appear to me also to bear the short cutting points which I have figured. CCECILIANELLA. 189 The genitalia are peculiar : the penis sac is short, stout, with the retractor muscle near its base ; the vas deferens enters at its apex, and near its entrance into the vagina it receives a curious flagellate appendage, swollen below, nar- row above, as long as the whole system, with a large narrowly ovate bulb at its end ; the genital bladder is large, ovate, on a long, narrow duct. CCECILIANELLA, Bourg. Animal as in Ferussacia (q. v.), Blind. Shell elongate, imperforate, polished, vitreous, white, apex rather obtuse ; aperture equalling about one half the shell's length, Fig 95 oblong ; columella subarcuate, distinctly truncated ; peristome simple, acute. Within our limits it has only been accidentally in- troduced. It is common amon<* the West Indian ° Animal of t. ancula. Islands, in Europe, South America, etc. (Reeve.) I have not been able to examine the jaw or dentition of C. acicula, the only species found in our limits. They are both well known, however, from the descriptions and figures of Moquin-Tandon, Thomson, Sordelli, 1 and Lehmann. The jaw is low, wide, arcuate, with delicate vertical stria;. The lingual mem- brane (Lehmann, Lebenden Schnecken, p. 128, PI. XIII. Fig. 43) has 120 rows of 11 — 1 — 11 teeth each. The centrals are small, tricuspid (Sordelli), the later- als, 6 in number, are larger, and have a more highly developed reflection, and are also distinctly tricuspid. Marginals subquadrate, with a broad reflection, bearing delicate denticles. I have examined the jaw and lingual dentition of C. Gundlachi, which for the sake of comparison, I repeat here : — Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated ; whole surface covered with about 22 crowded, broad, flat ribs, denticulating either margin. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 18 — 1 — 18, with 4 perfect later- als. Centrals with their base of attachment long, narrow, their reflected portion about one half the length of the base of attachment, tricuspid; the middle cusp stout, with a short blunt cutting point; side cusps subobsolete. but with small distinct cutting points. Lateral teeth with their base of attachment subquadrate, much longer, and very much broader than that of the centrals, the reflected portion short, stout, tricuspid, the middle cusp very stout and long, reaching the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects the short, stout cutting point; side cusps subobsolete, but bearing distinct, though small cutting points. There are 4 perfect laterals, the fifth tooth being a transition to the marginals, by the base of attachment being lower, wider, not exceeding the reflected portion, with one inner large cusp bearing one outer large cutting l Sordelli (Atti della Soc. Italiana
  • 6 > r o ' f Fig 99 pie, acute, its right extremity straight, its columellar extremity very slightly reflected, appressed. Length, lH mill. ; width, 3 mill.: of aperture, length, 3 mill. ; width, 3^ null. (Pfeiffer.) Stenogyra subula, Pfeiffer, Mon., II. 158, not of Binney, etc. A West Indian species introduced into the Southern Region at Mobile. For jaw and dentition see ante, p. 191, Fig. 97. (PL IV. Fig. P., b is an extreme marginal.) There are 24 — 1 — 24 teeth, with 6 perfect laterals. There were eggs in the oviduct of the Mobile individuals examined by me. It must be borne in mind that this is not the shell described and figured un- der this name in Vol. II., and Land and Fresh- Water Shells, I., which is S. octo- noides, D'Orb. (See above.) Subgenus MELANIELLA, Pfr. Animal not observed. Shell imperforate, ribbed, usually decussated, sculptured, brownish horn-col- ored, rather solid; whorls 9, rather convex, graduated, the three or four upper ones without ribs ; aperture effuse at base, ovate ; columella constricted ; peri- stome simple, subcontinuous. A West Indian subgenus. One species has been introduced into the Flor- ida Subregion. Stenogyra gracillima, Pfr. Vol. III. PL LIII. Fig. 3. Shell imperforate, minute, elongated, very slender, thin, of a drab-white color, ornamented with elevated, compressed, sharp, rather distant, longitudinal ribs, of which there are from 20 to 30 on each Avhorl, the interstices sculptured by very crowded lines ; spire obtuse at the apex, and composed of about 8 flattish whorls, the last of which is about one fourth the length of the shell, and somewhat angular below the middle; suture deeply impressed; aperture small, elongated, rhomboidal-ovate ; peristome sharp, and somewhat pressed inward, so as to be parallel to the axis ; the columella is straig